• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3341-3355
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• 2016

Background: A recent WHO data report on mortality attributable to tobacco use including cigarette smoking indicated a very high burden of deaths in Asia and that people often initiate smoking as early as young adolescents. The objectives of this study were to systematically review peer-reviewed articles on cigarette smoking initiation among Asian adolescents and to develop a conceptual model of factors influencing smoking initiation by integrating all relevant factors based on existing data. Materials and Methods: Following a PRISMA guideline, a systematic review of articles published between 2005 and June 2015 was conducted using 5 databases on cigarette smoking initiation among adolescents (aged 10-19 years) living in Asia. We summarized the main findings of each study according to our research questions and data that emerged during the data extraction process. Analysis and categorization were based on the TTI and TPB models and classification of factors extracted from the study, were as follows: personal factors, social factors, broader environmental factors, mediators, and intention to initiate smoking and smoking behavior. Results: Of 1,227 identified studies, only 20 were included in this review. Our findings found that the mean age of cigarette smoking initiation ranged from 10 to 14 years and those who are more likely to initiate smoking are male, older adolescents, adolescents with low parental SES, individuals with low parental monitoring, low parental education level and having no discussion on smoking at home, those living in public housing and those exhibiting health-risk behavior. Our study also revealed that the risk of smoking initiation increased when they are exposed to smokers, influenced by peers, exposed to tobacco advertisements, receive pocket money, have lack of knowledge about smoking, have poor school performance, have a family conflict and have psychological problems. The conceptual model developed demonstrated complex networks of factors influencing initiation. Conclusions: This systematic review presents various factors influencing smoking initiation of the Asian adolescents and provides a conceptual framework to further analyze factors. Future studies should have a standard measure of smoking initiation, should analyze interactions and the intensity of relationships between different factors or variables in the conceptual model. This will in turn consolidate the understanding of the different factors affecting smoking initiation and will help to improve interventions in this area.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.119-141
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• 2000

The current industrial health service is shifting to health improvement business with 1st primary prevention-focused service from secondary and tertiary prevention-focused business, and Oriental medicine can provide such primary prevention-focused service due to the characteristics of its science. In particular, the advanced concept of health improvement can match the science of health care of Oriental medicine. Notably, what is most important in health improvement is our lifestyle, This does not underestimate the socio-environmental factors, which have lessened their importance due to modernism. The approach of Oriental medicine weighs more individuals' lifestyle and health care through self-cultivation. This matches the new model of advanced health business. Oriental medicine is less systemized than Western medicine, but it can provide ample contents that enhance health. If we conceive health-improvement program based on the advantages provided by these two medical systems, this will influence workers to the benefit of their health. Also, health Program needs to define factors that determine individual lives, and to provide information and technologies essential to our lives. The Oriental medicine approach puts more stress on a subject's capabilities than it does on the effect his surrounding environment can have. This needs to be supported theoretically by not only defining the relations between an individual's health state and his lifestyle, but also identifying the degree to which an individual in the industrial work place practices health improvement lifestyle . This is the first step toward initiating health-improvement business . In order to do this, this researcher conducted a survey by taking random samplings from workers, and can draw the following conclusions from it. 1 The sampled group is categorized into', by sender, female 6.6%, and male 93.4%, with males dominant; by marriage status , unmarried 43.9% and married 55.6%, with both similar percentage, and, by age, below 30, 48.4%, between 30 and 39, 27.4%, between 40 and 49, 18.2%, and over 50, 6.0%. The group further is categorized into; by education, middle school or under 1.7%, high school 30.5%, and junior college or higher 65.8% with high school and higher dominant: and by income, below 1.7 million won 24.2%, below 2.4 million won 14.8%, and above 2.4 million 6.3% Still, the group by job is categorized into collegians with 23.9%, office worker with 10.3%, and professionals with 65.8% , and this group does not include workers engaged in production that are needed for this research, but mostly office workers . 2. The subjects selected for this survey show their degree of practicing health-improvement lifestyle at an average of 2.63, health management pattern at 2.64, and health-related awareness at 2.62 The sub-divisions of health-improvement lifestyle show social emotion (2.87), food (2.66). favorite food (2.59), and leisure activities (2.52), in this order for higher points. It further shows health awareness (2.47) and safety awareness (2.40), lower points than those in health management pattern . 3. In the area of using leisure time for health-improvement, males, older people, married, and people with higher income earn higher marks. And, in the area of food management, the older and married earn higher marks . In the area of favorite food management, females, lower-income bracket, and lower-educated show higher degree of practice , while in the area of social emotion management, the older. married, and higher-income bracket show higher marks. In addition, in the area of health awareness, the older, married, and people with higher-income show higher degree of practice. 4. To look at correlation by overall and divisional health-improvement practice degree , this researcher has analyzed the data using Person's correlation coefficient. The lifestyle shows significant correlation with its six sub-divisions, and use of leisure time, food, and health awareness all show significant correlation with their sub-divisions. And. the social emotion and safety awareness show significant correlation with all sub-divisions except favorite food management.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.105-118
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• 2000

일반산주와 임업후계자 독림가의 산림투자 인식을 비교분석한 결과 다음과 같이 임 독림가가 일반산주보다 산림투자에 대하여 상대적으로 높은 관심을 보이고 있었다. 1. 일반현황의 비교에서 임 독립가가 일반산주보다 교육수준과 월평균소득 면에서 높게 나왔으며, 직업의 경우 임 독림가는 다양한 직종에 종사하고 있는 반면 일반산주는 농업에 편중되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 산림의 소유동기에서 임 독림가의 경우 일부상속 일부매입이 41.2%로 가장 많은 반면, 일반산주의 경우는 선대로부터의 상속이 40.9%로 가장 많았다. 3. 산림투자에 대한 산주태도에서 임 독림가가 일반산주보다 과거 5년동안 산림투자 경험과 정부지원 신청경험 모두 높게 나타났다. 4. 정부지원 제도에 대한 인식에서 일반산주보다 임 독림가가 정부지원 제도에 대하여 상대적으로 많이 알고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 정부지원 제도의 실행상태에 대해서는 임 독림가와 일반산주 모두 '그저 그렇다'는 미온적인 반응을 가장 많이 보였다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.352-358
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• 2015

It is important to guarantee the safety of vehicle to minimize the damage to the driver in case of the accidents. In order to inspect and later enhance the safety of vehicle, the owner of the vehicle usually have a vehicle safety inspection. The Korea Transportation Safety Authority (KOTSA) issues the Comprehensive Performance Inspection Certificate after vehicle inspection. The certificate only specify the legal inspection criteria for safety and measured values of the safety parameters, however, as ordinary driver in lack of expert knowledge about the vehicle is difficult to understand the contents of the Certificate. Thus, in this paper, the authors try to give the information about the inspection results in easier way to understand. This information not only guarantees the owner of the vehicle to better understand the inspection results, but it also gives the opportunity to the driver to deal with the specific problem listed in the results. The methods in this paper are to transform the vehicle inspection data into the non parametric distribution to easily represent the values to the index later on. Also, example indexes are presented to the actually inspected vehicle based on the reference distribution to show the better assessment of the developed method.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.808-817
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• 2001

To survey the present status of the gerontological nursing course at three year diploma programs, baccalaureate degree programs(BSN), and graduate programs in Korea, and to analyze the contents of the syllabus and gerontological nursing textbooks to provide the basic data in developing a standard model for gerontological nursing curriculum. Method: Data was collected from all the nursing programs in Korea from Nov. 2000 to Feb. 2001 by mail and fax. Result: The gerontological nursing courses has been offered 36 diploma program, 40 BSN, and 17 graduate programs. And the credits of the gerontological nursing course offered by the program were as follows : one credit (10 diploma and 8 BSN), two credits (22 diploma and 29 BSN), and three credits (1 BSN). The contents of curri- culum were analyzed by comparing the core curriculum of NGNA. The majority of the schools included Gerontological Nursing in General, Theory of Aging, Aging Processes, Care Plan Options, and Common Health Problems. The subjects which very few school cover are Legal/ Ethical Issues, Evaluation, Regulatory & Reimbursement Issues, Education Issues, Nursing Research in Gerontology, and Environmental Issues of Older Adults. There were some differences in these results among diploma courses, BSNs, and graduate schools. The gerontological nursing textbooks contained similar contents to those of the diploma and the baccalaureate programs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권13호
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• pp.5573-5578
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• 2015

Background: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the post-recurrence survival with hepatic re-resection versus transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after initial resection. Materials and Methods: All relevant papers were searched via PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was performed according to country. Sensitivity analysis was performed in studies which clearly reported the recurrent regions, in moderate/high-quality studies, in studies published in full-text form, and in studies published after 2005. Results: In total, twelve papers were included in our study. Five and seven of them were of moderate- and poor-quality, respectively. The overall meta-analysis demonstrated a statistically significantly higher post-recurrence survival in the hepatic re-resection group than in those undergoing TACE (HR=0.64, 95%CI=0.52-0.79, P<0.0001). Heterogeneity was statistically significant and statistical significance remained in the subgroup analysis. Sensitivity analyses were also consistent with the overall analysis. Conclusions: Hepatic re-resection might provide a better post-recurrence survival than TACE for recurrent HCC after initial resection. However, considering the low quality of published studies and the potential bias of treatment selection, further randomized trials should be warranted to confirm these findings.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.269-287
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• 2017

제주국제자유도시는 세계화 시대 경제위기 극복과 새로운 국가경쟁력 확보 등의 당위성을 바탕으로 지방의 적극적인 추진의지와 중앙의 정책적 제도적 지원을 통해 '21세기 동북아 중심도시'를 목표로 야심차게 출범하였다. 그러나 국제자유도시 추진이 결정된지 약 20년이 지난 현 시점에서 이러한 발전 비전은 사실상 상실되었다. 이 논문에서는 '이상적 자유시장 경제모델'을 표방한 제주국제자유도시가 발전주의 국가모델의 유산이 여전히 작동하는 한국 경제체제에서 예외적으로 급진적인 신자유주의 개방경제공간을 지향하였고 각종 신자유주의 탈규제 정책의 실험장으로서의 역할을 자임하였지만, 환경과 사회경제적 모순 격화로 인한 지역사회 갈등의 심화, 중앙정부의 형평성 논리 및 제한된 자치권으로 인하여 사실상 실패하였다고 주장한다. 이를 위해 예외공간으로서의 경제특구에 대한 이론적 논의를 기반으로 제주국제자유도시 발전 비전의 변화과정을 분석하고, 다양한 예외적 제도와 공간적 장치들이 제주를 어떻게 예외공간화하고 있는지 살펴보았다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.341-358
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• 2024

This paper reports several plane-strain trapdoor tests conducted to investigate the effects of reinforcement on soil arching development under localized surface loading with a loading plate width three times the trapdoor width. An analogical soil composed of aluminum rods with three different diameters was used as the backfill and Kraft paper with two different stiffness values was used as the reinforcement material. Four reinforcement arrangements were investigated: (1) no reinforcement, (2) one low stiffness reinforcement R1, (3) one high stiffness reinforcement R2, and (4) two low stiffness reinforcements R1 with a backfill layer in between. The stiffness of R2 was approximately twice that of R1; therefore, two R1 had approximately the same total stiffness as one R2. Test results indicate that the use of reinforcement minimized soil arching degradation under localized surface loading. Soil arching with reinforcement degraded more at unloading stages as compared to that at loading stages. The use of stiffer reinforcement had the advantages of more effectively minimizing soil arching degradation. As compared to one high stiffness reinforcement layer, two low stiffness reinforcement layers with a backfill layer of certain thickness in between promoted soil arching under localized surface loading. Due to different states of soil arching development with and without reinforcement, an analytical multi-stage soil arching model available in the literature was selected in this study to calculate the average vertical pressures acting on the trapdoor or on the deflected reinforcement section under both the backfill self-weight and localized surface loading.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.451-465
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• 2015

주변 해역을 포함한 한반도 일원에서 측정된 중력자료로부터 상층중력의 고도이상(free-air anomaly)을 계산하였다. 주변 영역에서는 인접국가가 발표한 중력자료가 있는 경우 발표된 자료를 이용하였으며, 없는 경우 EGM2008(Earth Gravitational Model 2008)로부터 계산한 고도이상을 이용하였다. 중력의 상향연속은 Dragomir가 제안한 방법으로 계산하였다. 상층중력 고도이상 계산의 정확성과 계산 속도를 고려하여 적분반경은 계산 고도의 10배로 하였다. 적분에 필요한 측지선의 거리는 Bowring이 개발한 공식을 사용하였다. 위도 $33^{\circ}N{\sim}43^{\circ}N$, 경도 $124^{\circ}E{\sim}131^{\circ}E$에서 계산된 고도이상은 고도 1 km에서 -41.315에서 189.327 mgal까지 변화하고 표준 편차는 22.612 mgal이다. 고도 3 km에서는 -36.478에서 156.209 mgal까지 변화하고 표준 편차는 20.641 mgal이다. 고도 1,000 km에서는 3.170에서 5.864 mgal까지 변화하고 표준 편차는 0.670 mgal이다. 3 km 고도에서 계산된 고도이상을 같은 높이에서 측정한 항공 중력 고도이상과 비교하였다. 이들의 rms 오차는 3.88 mgal로 나타났다. 항공 중력 측정 교차점오차가 2.2 mgal 임을 고려하면 이들 오차에 의미를 부여할 수 없으며, 원인으로는 이번 연구에서 발생한 계산상 오차와 함께/또는 발표된 항공중력의 보정오차에 기인하는 것으로 사료된다. 상층중력 고도이상에 완전식으로 계산한 지구타원체 외부의 정규중력을 더하여 상층중력을 예측하였다. 이번 연구에서 국내 최초로 계산한 고도에 따른 상층중력 고도이상은 한반도 일원의 상층중력장을 잘 표현하고 있는 것으로 보이며, 상층중력장은 관성항법장치의 정확도 향상 등에 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.163-180
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• 2022

부동산 데이터는 경제, 법률, 군중심리 등 다양한 분야와 상호작용하고 복잡한 레이어의 데이터로 구성되어 있으며, 그 양 또한 방대하고 빠르게 변화하여 빅데이터로 볼 수 있다. 부동산 빅데이터를 관리하기 위한 기존의 관계형데이터베이스는 스키마가 고정되어 있고 수직적 확장성을 가지며 다양한 관계를 처리하기 어려운 한계가 있다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 부동산 데이터를 그래프데이터베이스에 구축함으로써 그 유용성을 검증하였다. 연구방법은 가장 널리 사용되는 데이터베이스 중 하나인 관계형데이터베이스 방식인 MySQL과 그래프데이터베이스 방식인 Neo4j에 다양한 부동산 데이터를 모델링하고 실생활에서 사용되는 부동산 질문들을 수집하여 9개의 질문들에 대해 그래프데이터베이스와 관계형데이터베이스의 쿼리시간을 비교하였다. 실험결과로 Neo4j는 다양한 관계를 추론하는 다중 JOIN 문이 있는 쿼리에도 일정한 성능을 보였지만 MySQL은 JOIN문이 많아질수록 쿼리시간이 급격하게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 다양한 관계를 가진 부동산 빅데이터에 Neo4j 같은 그래프데이터베이스가 효율적일 수 있음을 알 수 있으며 부동산가격 요인예측, 부동산에 대한 AI스피커 질의 등의 분야에서 활용을 기대할 수 있다.