• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.244-258
• /
• 2018

We performed this study to investigate the spatial, seasonal, and daily variations of the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Pohang, where large steel industrial complexes are located. Ambient air sampling was undertaken at 4 sites during 4 seasons. Each sample was taken for 4 hours continuously for 8 consecutive days per season at each site. Three sites were located within the Pohang city, but one as a control site in Gyeongju. A total of 72 individual VOCs were determined by thermal desorption coupled with GC/MS, including aliphatics, aromatics, carbonyls and halides. The most abundant VOC was toluene, being followed by ethylbenzene and xylenes. Benzene concentrations(c.a. 0.7 ppb) were found to be much lower than the national ambient standard of 1.5 ppb. Overall, the VOCs levels in Pohang appeared to be lower than other national industrial complexes in Korea such as Shiwha-Banwol, Yeosu-Gwangyang, Gumi, and Ulsan. This implies that steel industry may not give significant impacts on the atmospheric levels of VOCs as much as petrochemical, electronic, and/or textile industries, where large amounts of organic solvents are used.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.46-54
• /
• 2007

Concentrations of the principal volatile organic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p,o-xylene, styrene, and chlorobenzene were measured at the solid waste treatment plants classified into four categories; municipal waste incinerator, municipal waste landfill site, industrial waste incinerator and industrial waste landfill site. The average concentration of VOCs in industrial waste treatment facilities was 33.43 ppb and was significantly higher than that measured at municipal waste treatment facilities (4.71 ppb). The average toluene concentrations measured at incinerators (13.05 ppb) were a little higher than those measured at landfill sites (11.54 ppb). The contribution of the waste treatment facilities to the concentration of benzene (0.35 ppb) and o-xylene (0.15 ppb) in the industrial area was relatively small. However, toluene measured in the industrial waste treatment facilities was the most abundant VOCs with the average concentration of 21.37 ppb. As a result of analyses of fingerprint, in cases of IISH and ILUS, a variety of compounds other than major VOCs were detected in high level. On the Pearson correlation analysis, the correlation was generally positive and some pairs of these VOCs were very strongly correlated (correlation coefficient > 0.75).

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.359-364
• /
• 2007

The aim of this study were to assess the personal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to estimate the personal exposure using time-weighted average model. Three target VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylene) were analyzed in personal exposure samples and residential indoor, residential outdoor and workplace indoor microenvironments samples in the iron mill 30 workers during working 5 days. Personal exposure to VOCs significantly correlated with workplace concentration p<0.05), suggesting workplace had strong source and major contribution to personal exposure. Personal exposure could be estimated with time activity pattern and time weighted average (TWA) model of residential indoor and workplace concentrations measured. Time weighted mean microenvironments concentrations were close approximately of personal exposure concentrations. Total exposure for participants can be estimated by TWA with microenvironments measurements and time activity pattern.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.456-461
• /
• 2007

This study was carried out two point view that reuse of sludge and adsorption of benzene, toluene and o-xylene of VOCs in cast, carbonized cast and activated carbon. The cation exchange capacity of cast and carbonized cast were 59.2, 112 meq/100g, respectively. The specific surface were 560, $800m^2/g$, respectively. The average removal rates of benzene by 50g cast of 50% hydrous cast, anhydrous cast, carbonized cast, activated carbon were 15.0, 41.2, 88.2, 99.4% in 60min of retention time. The average removal efficiency of toluene by 50 g cast of 50% hydrous cast, anhydrous cast, carbonized cast, activated carbon were 12.5, 34.2, 88.2, 99.5% in 60 min of retention time. The average removal rates of o-xylene 50 g cast of 50% hydrous cast, anhydrous cast, carbonized cast, activated carbon were 8.8, 28.5, 84.8, 98.1% in 60min of retention time. The adsorption efficiency of test absorbent was in order of Activated Carbon > Carbonized Cast > Cast.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.53-60
• /
• 2005

The concentrations of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in the ambient air were measured at various point(Source, source boundary) in Seongseo industrial complex during May to November 2003. Air samples were collected in Silcocan canister $(1{\ell},\;6{\ell})$ and analyzed using a cryogenic preconcentration system and GC/MSD. We identified 37 species by the US EPA(TO-14 method). The result showed a variety distribution of the con­centration, Higher concentrations of BTX, Styrene, 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene were observed at the sampling sites. They seemed to be emitted from the facility of wastewater treatment, reaction tank of chemistry factory and facility of Tenter. The concentrations of VOCs contents in Seongseo industrial complex were generally higher than those in Yeosu complex and Ulsan complex, although those were similar in Sihwa­Banwol complex.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.11-21
• /
• 2012

This study investigated the characteristics of selected volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in newly-finished residential buildings, before the occupants moved in. This investigation was carried out by measuring the indoor and outdoor concentrations of selected VOCs before the occupants moved in and by utilizing an indoor mass balance model. Among 25 target VOCs, five aromatics(benzene, ethyl benzene, toluene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene) were detected in all samples of both indoor and outdoor air. Toluene was most abundant VOC in the indoor air of new apartments, with a median value of 168 mg $m^{-3}$. Unlike other VOCs, halogenated compounds would not be significantly emitted from building materials. The indoor air concentrations of all selected VOCs, except for 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene, exhibited significant correlations each other, while for outdoor air concentrations, five aromatics only were significantly correlated between them. The emission rate of toluene was higher for the current study(median value, 76.8 mg $m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$) than for a previous study, while the emission rates of limonene, a-pinene and b-pinene(geometric means of 2.4, 13.8 and 9.6 mg $m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, respectively) were lower and the emission rates of m,p-xylene and 2-butanone(geometric means of 10.9 and 21.3 mg $m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, respectively) were similar. Although there were a few exceptions, the emission strengths are likely proportional to indoor temperature, and appear to reversely proportional to air exchange rate.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.169-176
• /
• 2013

The present study was designed to examine the concentrations, emission rates, and source characteristics of a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 30 newly-constructed apartment buildings by measuring indoor and outdoor VOC concentrations over a 2-year period. For comparison, seven villa-type houses were also surveyed for indoor and outdoor VOC concentrations over a 3-month period. Indoor and outdoor air samples were collected on Tenax-TA adsorbent and analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC)/mass spectrometer system or a GC/flame ionization detector system coupled to a thermal desorption system. The long-term change in indoor VOC concentrations depended on the type of VOCs. Generally, aromatic (except for naphthalene), aliphatic, and terpene compounds exhibited a gradual deceasing trend over the 2-year follow-up period. However, the indoor concentrations of the six halogenated VOCs did not significantly vary with time changes. Similar to these halogenated VOCs, the indoor naphthalene concentrations did not vary significantly with time changes over the 2-year period. Unlike the halogenated VOCs, the indoor naphthalene concentrations were much higher than the outdoor concentrations. The indoor concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic compounds were higher for the villa-type houses when compared to those of apartment buildings. In addition, four source groups (floor coverings and interior painting, household products, wood paneling and furniture, moth repellents) and three source groups (floor coverings and interior painting, household products, and moth repellents) were considered as potential VOC sources inside apartment buildings for the first- and second-year post-occupancy stages, respectively.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제37권6호
• /
• pp.380-386
• /
• 2015

조선소 밀집지역의 휘발성유기화합물 농도의 공간 및 시간적 분포특성을 측정하였으며 이를 기반으로 지역적 특성을 평가하였다. 모든 시료채취지점에서 측정된 주요 휘발성유기화합물은 조선소 내부의 실내도장시설에서 측정된 물질들과 밀접한 연관성을 가지는 것으로 나타나 조선소 내부에서 이루어지는 도장작업이 주변지역의 휘발성유기화합물의 중요한 배출원임을 보여준다. 휘발성유기화합물의 분포를 결정하는 주된 요인들은 시료채취지점과 선박제조 작업장 사이의 거리와 선박제조 작업의 강도인 것으로 나타났다. 모든 시료채취지점에서 일반적인 도시 대기에서 관찰되는 VOCs 농도의 일반적인 시계열적 변화경향을 압도하는 도장작업의 강도에 따라 매우 넓은 범위의 휘발성유기화합물 농도가 관찰되었다.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.250-256
• /
• 2009

Toxicogenomics using microarray technology offers the ability to conduct large-scale detections and quantifications of mRNA transcripts, particularly those associated with alterations in mRNA stability or gene regulation. In this study, we developed the HazChem Human Array V2 using the Agilent Sure-Print technology-based custom array, which is expected to facilitate the identification of environmental toxicants. The array was manufactured using 600 VOCs and PAHs-specific genes identified in previous studies. In order to evaluate the viability of the manufactured HazChem human array V2, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of 9 environmental toxicants (6 VOCs chemicals and 3 PAHs chemicals). As a result, nine toxicants were separated into two chemical types-VOCs and PAHs. After the chip validations with VOCs and PAHs, we conducted an expression profiling comparison of additional chemical groups (POPs and EDCs) using data analysis methods such as hierarchical clustering, 1-way ANOVA, SAM, and PCA. We selected 58 genes that could be classified into four chemical types via statistical methods. Additionally, we selected 63 genes that evidenced significant alterations in expression with all 13 environmental toxicants. These results suggest that the HazChem Human Array V2 will expedite the development of a screening system for environmentally hazardous materials at the level of toxicogenomics in the future.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제32권9호
• /
• pp.857-861
• /
• 2010

매년 대도시 지역과 그 주변에 오존농도가 환경기준을 초과하는 빈도가 증가하여 오존주의보 발령횟수가 증가하는 추세이다. 따라서 오존의 전구물질인 VOCs에 대한 제어과정이 시급한 실정이다. 국내에서 발생되는 폐기물 중 소각재와 하수슬러지는 발생량이 증가됨에 따라 그 처리 방안이 요구되고 있다. 소각재와 다른 폐기물을 이용하여 건축외장재를 제조하여 소각재 중의 유해중금속을 안정화시키고 제조한 외장재로 대기 중의 VOCs를 흡착, 제거할 수 있다면 환경 부하 저하, 자원 재활용 및 VOCs control이라는 면에서 매우 유용할 것으로 판단된다. 제조한 외장재의 VOC 흡착특성을 알아보기 위해 벤젠 흡착실험과 SEM분석, BET분석을 수행하였고 외장재의 흡착특성을 유지하기 위해 광촉매 코팅을 하여 그 효과를 알아보았다. 실험결과 벤젠 제거 능력은 74~96%로 높게 나타났고 제조한 외장재의 표면에는 다양한 공극이 발달되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 외장재의 환경안정성을 알아보기 위해 중금속 용출실험을 수행한 결과 중금속이 안정화 되어 용출양이 현저히 감소한 것을 알 수 있었다.