• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 2017

Wall pressure measurements and flow visualization were conducted for a 90 degree elbow with an axis curvature radius the same as its inner diameter (125 mm). Reynolds numbers 320,000 and 500,000, based on the inner diameter and bulk velocity, were examined. A deflected inflow, having an almost constant velocity slope and a faster velocity at the inside, was introduced. Ensemble averaged pressure distributions showed that no difference of normalized pressure could be found in both the Reynolds number cases. Power spectral density functions of pressures exhibited that the fluctuation having the Strouhal number (based on the inner diameter and bulk velocity) of 0.6 existed in the downstream region of the elbow, which was 0.1 larger than that of the uniform inflow case [1]. Results of numerical calculations qualitatively coincided with the experimental ones.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.30-37
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• 2004

Flow characteristics of the inflow ahead of a rotating propeller attached to a container ship model were investigated using a two-frame PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique. Ensemble-averaged mean velocity fields were measured at four different blade phases. The mean velocity fields show the acceleration of inflow due to the rotating propeller and the velocity deficit in the near-wake region. The axial velocity distribution of inflow in the upper plane of propeller is quite different from that in the lower plane due to the thick hull boundary layer. The propeller inflow also shows asymmetric axial velocity distribution in the port and starboard side. As the inflow moves toward the propeller, the effect of phase angle variation of propeller blade on the inflow becomes dominant. In the upper plane above the propeller axis the inflow has very low axial velocity and large turbulent kinetic energy, compared with the lower plane. The boundary layer developed along the bottom surface of stern hull forms a strong shear layer affecting vortex structure of the propeller near-wake.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.303-303
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• 2018

안정적인 수자원 운용을 위해서는 정확한 유량예측 기술이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 유량예측 정확도의 개선을 위해 베이지안 추론(Bayesian inference) 기법과 앙상블 유량 예측(Ensemble Streamflow Prediction, ESP) 기법의 결합을 통한 새로운 유량예측 기법(Bayesian ESP)을 제안하였다. ESP를 통한 유량 예보 앙상블은 베이지안 추론의 사전정보로 활용되며, 관측 유량과 ESP 전망 결과의 선형관계를 통해 우도함수가 추정된다. 우도함수는 관측 유량이 존재하는 과거 기간에 대한 ESP를 수행한 후 예보 시점의 관측 유량(concurrent observed flow)과 선행 관측 유량(lagged observed flow)과의 다중선형회귀 모형을 통해 추정된다. 사전정보와 우도함수는 정규분포로 가정되며, 따라서 최종 유량예측인 사후정보 역시 정규분포함수로 산정되게 된다. Bayesian ESP은 ESP에서 발생하는 강우-유출모형 오차의 개선을 통해 수문예측의 정확도를 개선하게 되며 정규분포함수로 최종 결과가 산정되므로 확률예보 형태의 수문 전망도 가능하다. 본 기법을 전국 35개 댐 유역에 시범적용을 한 결과, 모든 유역에서 기존 ESP 기법 대비 수문예측 정확도의 개선을 가져왔으며, 우도함수 추정에 있어 선행 유량의 포함 여부가 수문 예측 정확도의 추가적인 개선을 가져왔다. 본 기법은 주간 예보부터 계절 예보까지 탄력적으로 구축이 가능하며 적용 결과 리드 타임이 길어질수록 예측 능력이 감소되었지만 전체 구간에 있어서 Bayesian ESP 기법이 가장 우수한 예측 정확도를 보여주었다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.853-861
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to assess Sejong University River Forecast (SURF) model which consists of a continuous rainfall-runoff model and measured streamflow assimilation using ensemble Kalman filter technique for streamflow forecast on Nakdong river basin. The study area is divided into 43 subbasins. The forecasted streamflows are evaluated at 12 measurement sites during flood season from 2006 to 2007. The forecasted ones are improved due to the impact of the measured streamflows assimilation. In effectiveness indices corresponding to 1~5 h forecast lead times, the accuracy of the forecasted streamflows with the assimilation approach is improved by 46.2~30.1% compared with that using only the rainfall-runoff model. The mean normalized absolute error of forecasted peak flow without and with data assimilation approach in entering 50% of the measured rainfall, respectively, the accuracy of the latter is improved about 40% than that of the former. From these results, SURF model is able to be used as a real-time river forecast model.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.29 no.spc1
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• pp.271-272
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• 1996

Assuming that particles can be accelerated to high energies via diffusive shock acceleration process at the accretion shocks formed by the infalling flow toward the clusters of galaxies, we have calculated the expected spectrum of high-energy protons from the cosmological ensemble of the cluster accretion shocks. The model with Jokipii diffusion limit could explain the observed cosmic ray spectrum near $10^{19}eV$ with reasonable parameters and models if about $10^{-4}$ of the infalling kinetic energy can be injected into the intergalactic space as the high energy particles.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.201-212
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• 2004

Properties of polymer based nanocomposites depend on dispersion state of embedded fillers. In order to examine the effect of dispersion state on rheological properties, a new bi-mode FENE dumbbell model was proposed. The FENE dumbbell model includes two separate ensemble sets of dumbbells with different fric­tion coefficients, which simulate behavior of well dispersed and aggregated carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A new parameter indicating dispersion state of the CNT was proposed to account for degree of dispersion quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Rheological material functions in elongational, steady shear, and oscillatory shear flows were obtained numerically. The CNT/epoxy nanocomposites with different dis­persion state were prepared depending on whether a solvent is used for the dispersion of CNTs or not. Dis­persion state of the CNT in the epoxy nanocomposites was morphologically characterized by the field emission scanning electronic microscope and the transmission electron microscope images. It was found that the numerical prediction was in a good agreement with experimental results especially for steady state shear flow.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 2019

Impingement cooling utilizing synthetic jets is emerging as a popular cooling technique because of its high local cooling efficiency. The interaction between the vortex structure of the synthetic jet and the surface is crucial in understanding the mechanism of this technique. In this study, the impinging vortex structure and its advection are investigated by experiments with jet-to-surface spacing $2{\leq}H/D{\leq}7$, and synthetic jet Reynolds number $5120{\leq}Re{\leq}9050$. Using phase-locked particle image velocimetry, ensemble averaged (phase averaged) flow fields are obtained, and vortex identification and quantification techniques are applied. The shape, trajectory, and intensity change of the vortex are assessed. A sharp decline in the vortex intensity and the occurrence of a counter-rotating vortex at the impingement point are observed.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06e
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• pp.772-776
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• 2001

The flow structures of turbulent shear layer behind oil fences with different tip configurations were investigated experimentally using flow visualization and PIV velocity field measurement. An oil fence was installed in a circulating water channel and the flow structure around the fence tip was mainly analyzed in this experiment. The four tip configurations tested in this experiment are knife edge; semi-circle edge, circular edge and rectangular edge. The 300 instantaneous velocity fields were measured using the single-frame PIV system and they were ensemble averaged to give the mean velocity field and spatial distribution of turbulent statistics. Free stream velocity was fixed at 10ms/sec and the corresponding Reynolds number based on the fence height was Re=4000. As a result, for the oil fence with rectangular edge, the streamwise velocity component was decreased. On the other hand it was increased for the oil fence with circular edge. For all four fences tested in this study, general flow pattern of the lower shear layer is analogous but the upper layer shows difference depending on the tip configurations. The oil fence with circular edge has more diffusive upper shear layer than that of the others. The shear layer of the oil fence with rectangular edge has relatively thin thickness. The oil fence with circular edge was found to be proper shape for tandem fence.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.153-158
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• 2005

The turbulent shear flaw around a surface-mounted vertical wall was investigated using the two-frame PIV(CACTUS 3.1) system. From this study, it is revealed that at least 500 instantaneous velocity field data are required for ensemble average to get reliable turbulence statistics, but only 200 field data are sufficient for the time-averaged mean velocity information The flow has an unsteady recirculation region post vertical wall with bottom gap, followed by a slow relaxation to the fiat-plate boundary layer flow. The time-averaged reattachment length estimated from the streamline distribution is about x/H=3H. The large eddy structure in the separated shear layer seems to have signification influence on the development of the separated shear layer and the reattachment process.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1408-1416
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• 2001

Mean flow fields in the near wake of a square cylinder have been studied experimentally using a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Ensemble-averaged velocity fields are successfully measured fur the square cylinder wake including the reverse flow region which arises many difficulties in accurate measurement by using conventional techniques, Experiments are performed at two free stream velocities of U$\_$$\infty$/ = 1.27m/s and 3.03m/s. The corresponding Reynolds numbers based on the free-stream velocity and cylinder diameter are 1600 and 3900, respectively. The intensity of free-stream turbulence is less than 1%, the blockage ratio (D/H) is 6.6% and the aspect ratio (W/D) is 40. The effect of Reynolds number on the near wake of a square cylinder has been investigated by the global mean velocity and instantaneous velocity fields. The most striking feature is that the length of the recirculating region increases with increasing Reynolds number, which turns out totally reverse trend compared with those observed in the circular cylinder wake at the same range of Reynolds number. Fer the case of higher Reynolds number, the mean velocity data agree well with those of relevant existing data obtained at much higher Reynolds numbers, which reflects the general aspect of sharp-edged bluff body wake.