• 한국가금학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2023

비타민 D3는 난각 형성에 필요한 칼슘의 흡수와 대사에 필수적일 뿐 아니라 칼슘과 인의 대사를 조절하여 뼈 건강에 필수적인 요소이며 건강한 면역체계를 유지하는 영양소이다. 계란과 관련된 비타민 D3에 관한 연구는 많이 이루어져 왔으나 산란계 농장에서 수행한 연구는 보고된 바가 거의 없다. 본 연구는 비타민 D3 강화계란을 생산하는 산란계 농가에서 생산되는 계란의 난각 품질과 계란 내 비타민 D3 함량을 분석하고자 농가 조사를 수행하였다. 산란계 4개 농가를 선정하여 16,500 IU 및 29,000 IU 함유한 사료 급여 전과 후에 계란을 수거하여 난각 품질과 계란내 비타민 D3 함량을 측정하였다. 분석 결과 비타민 D3 첨가는 난각두께를 개선하는 효과는 있었으나, 난각색과 난각강도에는 미치는 영향은 미미하였다. 산란계 사료내 비타민 D3를 첨가하면 계란 내 비타민 D3 함량이 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다. 결과적으로 산란계 농가에서 사료 내비타민 D3를 추가로 공급한다면 난각 품질의 개선과 비타민 D3 강화계란을 생산할 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 향후 더 많은 산란계 농가에서 사료와 계란 내 비타민 D3 함량에 대한 추가 조사를 진행한다면 계란 내 비타민 D3 함량을 추정할 수 있는 회귀식을 도출할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.484-491
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• 2023

Objective: The aim of this trial was to investigate the effect of supplementation and withdrawal of selenium-enriched kale sprouts (SeKS) on productivity and egg Se concentration of laying hens. Selenium from commercial Se-enriched yeast (SeY) was used as a comparative Se source. Methods: One-hundred and eighty 61-week-old laying hens were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups with 4 replicates (9 hens each) in a 2×2+1 Augmented Factorial Experiment in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were basal diet, basal diet supplemented with 0.2 and 0.4 mg Se/kg from SeKS and SeY, respectively. The 8-week feeding trial was divided into 2 periods, namely the Se supplemental period (week 1 to 4) and the Se withdrawal period (week 5 to 8). Results: Productive performance, egg quality and egg Se concentration of laying hens were not affected by sources of Se (SeKS and SeY) during both, the Se supplemental and withdrawal periods. Egg production and egg Se concentration increased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of Se supplementation. The egg Se concentration increased and reached a peak 1 week after Se supplementation. However, concentration of Se in eggs of hens fed Se from both sources decreased rapidly from the second week of the Se withdrawal period to reach the same egg Se concentration of hens fed the basal diet by the fourth week of the Se withdrawal period. Conclusion: The efficacy of Se from SeKS on productivity and egg Se concentration in laying hens was comparable to commercial SeY. Thus, SeKS can provide an alternate organic Se source for production of Se-enriched eggs.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.471-490
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• 2023

In this study, the duck eggs were salted with none or 2.5% and 5.0% (v/v) of liquid smoke (LS), respectively. As a control, samples salted without LS were used. The 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, and reducing power of the three groups were tested at 0, 7, 14, and 21 and 28 days to determine the effects of LS on the antioxidant activity of treated eggs. In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electronic nose (E-Nose) were used to analyze the volatile flavor components of fresh duck eggs, LS, control, and salted duck eggs enriched with 2.5% (v/v) LS after 28 days of salting. The TBA value considerably increased with an increase in salting period, and the treated egg's TBA value significantly associated with LS concentration. The TBA value decreased as the LS concentration increased. The amount of LS present was highly associated with their capacity to scavenge DPPH radicals. The reducing power of the samples was substantially correlated with the LS concentration, and the reducing power increased with increasing LS concentration. The GC-MS data revealed that phenols and ketones were the predominant chemicals present in the LS, and they were also found in the eggs added to the LS even though they were absent in the fresh eggs and control. The flavor of the control group and treated eggs with LS differed significantly, according to the principal component analysis and radar map of the E-nose. The texture study results revealed that the LS significantly impacted the hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness of eggs.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.236-246
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seed meal (PSM) on laying hens' performance, quality, fatty acids, cholesterol, antioxidant compounds and shelf life of eggs. Methods: Eighty Tetra SL laying hens, 50-week-old, were randomly divided into two equal groups, having 10 replicates with 4 birds in each. The control (CON) treatment was fed with basal diet, while experimental treatment was fed a diet with 9% PSM, for a 6 week period. Results: Dietary PSM significantly decreased average daily feed intake (p<0.05), with no significant effect on other performance parameters. The PSM, enriched the eggs with polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially α linolenic acid (0.33 vs 0.21 g/100 g) and linoleic acid (20.65 vs 18.37 g/100 g), whereas it reduced the amount of arachidonic acid with 3.91% and n-6/n-3 ratio in PSM eggs compared with CON. The inclusion of 9% PSM significantly (p<0.05) diminished the cholesterol concentration in yolk with 11.31% and in egg with 10.38%, in respect to the CON samples. The significantly (p<0.05) higher concentration of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds, determined in PSM eggs, proved to be effective on shelf life of eggs preserved at refrigerator (5℃) and room temperature (21℃) for 28 days, by delaying the lipid oxidation and protein denaturation. This effect was reflected in significantly (p<0.05) higher Haugh unit in eggs stored 28 days at 21℃ and lower albumen pH values for the overall storage time, both at 5℃ and 21℃, proving the antioxidant effect of pumpkin. Conclusion: Dietary PSM supplementation was significantly effective on average daily feed intake and egg quality by increasing some fatty acids while lowering the cholesterol concentration. Also, PSM proved to be effective improving shelf life of eggs for 28 days storage time.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.172-177
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• 2014

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the dietary effects of conventional or lutein fortified chlorella on lutein absorptions, the tissue distributions and the changes in lutein content of eggs in laying hens. In Exp 1, a total of one hundred and fifty, 70 wk-old Hy-Line brown layers were divided into three groups with five replicates and fed with each experiment diet (control diet, diet with 1% conventional chlorella or lutein fortified chlorella) for 2 wk, respectively. The egg production in groups fed diets containing both chlorella powders were higher than that of the control group (p<0.01). With chlorella supplementations, the yolk color significantly increased, although there were no significant differences in the eggshell qualities. The lutein contents of serum, liver and growing oocytes were greatly increased by feeding conventional or lutein fortified chlorella (p<0.01). In Exp. 2, a total of ninety 60 wk-old Hy-Line brown layers were assigned into three groups with three replicates per group (10 birds per replicate). The birds were fed with one of three experimental diets (0, 0.1 or 0.2% lutein fortified chlorella) for 2 wk, respectively. The egg production was not affected by dietary treatments. The egg weight in the group fed with diet containing 0.2% of lutein fortified chlorella was higher than that of the control (p<0.05). As the dietary chlorella levels increased, the daily egg mass linearly increased, although not significantly. The yolk colors in groups fed diets containing lutein fortified chlorella were dramatically increased as compared to the control (p<0.001). The lutein in chicken eggs significantly increased when fed with 0.2% of lutein fortified chlorella (p<0.01). These results suggested that the dietary lutein derived from chlorella was readily absorbed into the serum and absorbed by the liver with growing oocyte for commercial laying hens. Particularly, the lutein fortified chlorella was a valuable natural source for the production of lutein enriched chicken eggs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-25
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• 1996

The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can not be summarized as a single process. Lipid infiltration hypothesis and endothelial injury hypothesis have been proposed and investigated. Recent developments show that there are many points of potential interactions between them and that they can actually be regarded as two phases of a single, unifying hypothesis. Among the many risk factors of atherosclerosis, plasma homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) draw a considerable interest because they are independent indicators of atherogenicity. Triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (chylomicron and VLDL) are not considered to be atherogenic but they are related to the metabolism of HDL cholesterol and indirectly related to coronary heart disease (CHD). LDL can of itself be atherogenic but the oxidative products of this lipoprotein are more detrimental. HDL cholesterol has been considered to be a favorable cholesterol. The so-called 'causalist view' claims that HDL traps excess cholesterol from cellular membranes and transfers it to TG-rich lipoproteins that are subsequently removed by hepatic receptors. In the so-called 'noncausalist view', HDL does not interfere directly with cholesterol deposition in the arterial wall but instead reflects he metabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins and their conversion to atherogenic remnants. Approximately 70-80% of the human population shows an effective feedback control mechanism in cholesterol homeostasis. Type of dietary fat has a significant effect on the lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. Generally, saturated fatty acids elevate and PUFA lower serum cholesterol, whereas MUFA have no specific effect. EPA and DHA inhibit the synthesis of TG, VLDL and LDL, and may have favourable effects on some of the risk factors. Phospholipids, particularly lecithin, have an antiatherosclerotic effect. Essential phospholipids (EPL) may enhance the formation of polyunsaturated cholesteryl ester (CE) which is less sclerotic and more easily dispersed via enhanced hydrolysis of CE in the arterial wall. Also, neutral fecal steroid elimination may be enhanced and cholesterol absorption reduced following EPL treatment. Antioxidants protect lipoproteins from oxidation, and cells from the injury of toxic, oxidized LDL. The rationale for lowering of serum cholesterol is the strong association between elevation of plasma or serum cholesterol and CHD. Cholesterol-lowing, especially LDL cholesterol, to the target level could be achieved using diet and combination of drug therapy. Information on the link between cholesterol and CHD has decreased egg consumption by 16-25%. Some clinical studies have indicated that dietary cholesterol and egg have a significant hypercholesterolemic effect, while others have indicated no effect. These studies differed in the use of purified cholesterol or cholesterol in eggs, in the range of baseline and challenge cholesterol levels, in the quality and quantity of concomitant dietary fat, in the study population demographics and initial serum cholesterol levels, and clinical settings. Cholesterol content of eggs varies to a certain extent depending on the age, breed and diet of hens. However, egg yolk cholesterol level is very resistant to change because of the particular mechanism involved in yolk formation. Egg yolk contains a factor of factors responsible for accelerated cholesterol metabolism and excretion compared with crystalline cholesterol. One of these factors could be egg lecithin. Egg lecithin may not be as effective as soybean lecithin in lowering serum cholesterol level due probably to the differences of fatty acid composition. However, egg lecithin may have positive effects in hypercholesterolemia by increasing serum HDL level and excretion of fecal cholesterol. The association of serum cholesterol with egg consumption has been widely studied. When the basal or control diet contained little or no cholesterol, consumption of 1 or 2 eggs daily increased the concentration of plasma cholesterol, whereas that of the normolipemic persons on a normal diet was not significantly influenced by consuming 2 to 3 eggs daily. At higher levels of egg consumption, the concentration of HDL tends to increase as well as LDL. There exist hyper-and hypo-responders to dietary (egg) cholesterol. Identifying individuals in both categories would be useful from the point of view of nutrition guidelines. Dietary modification of fatty acid composition has been pursued as a viable method of modifying fat composition of eggs and adding value to eggs. In many cases beneficial effects of PUFA enriched eggs have been demonstrated. Generally, consumption of n-3 fatty acids enriched eggs lowered the concentration of plasma TG and total cholesterol compared to the consumption of regular eggs. Due to the highly oxidative nature of PUFA, stability of this fat is essential. The implication of hepatic lipid accumulation which was observed in hens fed on fish oils should be explored. Nutritional manipulations, such as supplementation with iodine, inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, garlic products, amino acids and high fibre ingredients, have met a limited success in lowering egg cholesterol.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1725-1728
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the efficiency of transfer of dietary iron sources to eggs of laying hens. Eighty ISA-Brown laying birds of 30 wk old were housed in 40 cages of 2 birds each. Eight birds in four cages were assigned to one of the following ten treatments: T1; control, T2; 100 ppm iron supplementation with iron-methionine chelate (Fe-Met-100), T3; Fe-Met- 200, T4; Fe-Met-300, T5; 100 ppm iron supplementation with iron sulfate ($FeSO_4$-100), T6; $FeSO_4$-200, T7; $FeSO_4$-300, T8; 100 ppm iron supplementation with Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ (Availa-Fe-100), T9; Availa-Fe-200 and T10; Availa-Fe-300. Results of 40 d feeding trial showed that there were no consistent responses in laying performance by source and level of iron supplementation. However, eggshell strength and color were improved by Fe supplementation. Egg iron content was maximized at 10-15 days after feeding supplemental Fe. Fe- Met was the most effective source in enriching Fe of eggs followed by Availa-Fe and $FeSO_4$. Increasing supplementary Fe level more than 100 ppm was not effective in Fe-Met and Availa-Fe treatments. Average Fe enrichment of 18% was achieved after feeding Fe-Met-100 for 15 d. In conclusion, enrichment of Fe in egg could be effectively achieved by supplementation of Fe-Met-100 for 15 d.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.506-514
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• 2020

We investigated seed management and feeding regime of larval red spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara using live food organisms. Fertilized eggs were produced in March 2020 by manipulating photoperiod and water temperature. Broodstock (F0) produced approximately 0.30×10⁶ eggs, of which 0.25×10⁶ were fertilized; first-generation broodstock (F1) produced 2.00×10⁶ eggs, of which 1.90×10⁶ were fertilized. Larvae were reared at temperatures of 21.0-24.5℃. The feeding regime consisted of rotifers Artemia, and commercial pellet feed. From 5-8 days after hatching (dah), rotifers collected from high-density incubation tanks were fed to grouper larvae at a density of 10-20 individuals/mL. From 9-30 dah, rotifers collected from low-density incubation tanks were fed to larvae at a density of 10-20 individuals/mL. Newly hatched Artemia were provided from 20-24 dah and enriched Artemia from 25-50 dah. Commercial pellet feed was given starting at 13 dah. The average mouth size in hatchlings was 263.4±3.7 ㎛ at 5 dah, 406.7±21.0 ㎛ at 11 dah, and 856.9±136.6 ㎛ at 21 dah. At 1 dah, larvae had a mean total length of 1.95±0.06 mm. At 66 dah, the mean TL was 4.0 cm. The final number of surviving red spotted grouper larvae was 218,380 fishes.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2008

산란계 사료에 lycopene을 첨가 급여하여 생산된 계란의 난황 중에 전이된 lycopene의 함량을 급여 기간별로 확인하고, lycopene 함유 계란의 난황색, 난중, 난각 강도, 난황고, 난백고, 난황 직경, 난황 계수와 Haugh Unit(호우 유닛) 등 계란의 각종 품질 특성과 이들 계란의 장기 보존에 따른 품질의 변화상을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 결과 lycopene 처리군의 계란 중 lycopene 농도는 난황액 1 gram 당 각각 약 1.56 ${\mu}g$과 1.57 ${\mu}g$ 이었으며, 대조군의 계란에는 lycopene의 함량이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 사양 시험 2주경의 처리군의 난황 중 lycopene 함량 수준(23.4 ${\mu}g$)은 4주경의 수준(23.6 ${\mu}g$)과 유사하였다. 즉, 동일수준의 lycopene 첨가 사료를 지속적으로 급여하여도 난황 내 lycopene의 함량은 급여 기간의 경과에 따라 누적적으로 증가되지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 3. Lycopene 첨가군의 난황색 (P<0.01)은 대조군에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 수치를 보였다. 이외에도 처리군간에 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았으나 lycopene 첨가군의 난황고(P<0.08), 난황 직경(P<0.19), 난각 견실도(P<0.19), 호우 유닛(P<0.34), 난백고(P<0.33)도 대조군에 비하여 다소 높은 수치를 보였다. 각 처리군간에 난중의 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 계란을 실온에서 4주간 보관시킨 후, 이들의 품질을 측정한 결과, Lycopene 처리군의 난황색(EYC)은 대조군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았으나(P<0.01), 그 이외의 항목에서는 유의적 차이가 없었다. 저장 4주 후의 첨가군의 난백고와 난황고는 대조군 보다 크고 난황 직경(EYD)은 대조군보다 작게 나타났다. 이 현상은 첨가군의 호우유닛 수치를 대조군보다 크게 하는 데 영향을 미친 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2012

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the dietary effect of chlorella vulgaris on egg production and lutein incorporation into chicken eggs. In Exp. 1, a total of three hundred, 70 wk-old Hy-Line brown layers were divided into six groups with five replicates and fed each experimental diet (corn-SBM based control diet and diets with 0.1, 0.3 or 0.5% chlorella powder and with 0.8 or 2.4% chlorella cultured media) for 6 wk, respectively. The egg production in the groups fed diets containing the chlorella powder and chlorella cultured media were higher than that of the control group (p<0.001). As dietary chlorella levels increased, the yolk color linearly increased. However, there were no significant differences in egg-shell qualities. The layers fed diet with 2.4% chlorella cultured media showed the highest Haugh unit value. In Exp. 2, a total of one hundred-eight 80 wk-old Hy-Line brown layers were assigned into four groups with three replicates per group (9 birds per replicate). The birds were fed one of four experimental diets (0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0% chlorella powder) for 4 wk, followed by a 14 d feeding of a withdrawal diet devoid of chlorella powder. At 2 wk, the lutein greatly increased with increasing levels of chlorella powder in birds fed diets containing more than 1%. The maximum incorporation of lutein into eggs was reached after 2 or 3 wk of feeding diets with chlorella powder. After a 7 d withdrawal, the lutein contents of egg yolks in the groups fed diets with more than 1% chlorella powder were still higher than that of control group (p<0.05). No significant differences in the lutein levels were found among groups after a 14 d withdrawal period. These results indicated that the use of chlorella in layer diets was effective in improving egg production and egg quality and for the production of lutein fortified eggs.