• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.327-336
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• 2009

Geographic routing has been considered as an attractive approach in wireless sensor networks, since it routes data packets by using location information rather than global topology information. In geographic routing schemes, packets are usually sent along the boundary of a hole by face routing to detour the hole. As result, all data flows which need to detour the hole are concentrated on the boundary of the hole. This hole detour scheme results in much more energy consumption for nodes at the hole boundary, and the energy exhaustion of hole boundary nodes enlarges the holes. This is referred to as a hole diffusion problem. The perimeter mode may also lead to data collisions on the hole boundary nodes if multiple data flows need to bypass a hole simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a hole modeling and detour scheme for geographic routing in wire-less sensor networks. Our hole modeling and detour scheme can efficiently prevent hole diffusion, avoid the local minimum problem faced by geographic routing protocols, and reduce data collisions on the hole boundary nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is superior to the other protocols in terms of control overhead, average delivery delay and energy consumption.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.482-491
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• 2001

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate an I-type sparger-performance in view of pressure oscillation and thermal mixing in a pool. Its pitch-to-hole diameter, P/D, varies from 2 to 5. The test conditions are restricted to the condensation oscillation regime. In the present study, two different hole patterns, staggered and parallel types, are employed under various test conditions. The amplitude of the pressure pulse shows a peak for pool temperatures of 45∼85$\^{C}$, which depends on P/D and the steam mass flux. The effect of hole pattern on the pressure load is smaller than that of P/D. The dominant frequency increases with the subcooling temperature of pool water and P/D. A correlation for the dominant frequency is proposed in terms of the pitch-to-hole diameter ratio and other dimensionless thermal hydraulic parameters.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.321-325
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• 2008

위치정보기반 라우팅을 이용하는 무선 센서망은 자연환경 혹은 센서 노드들의 불균형적인 에너지 소비로 인한 라우팅 홀(hole)로 인해 높은 통신 장애 가능성이 존재한다. 이에 대해 연구된 대부분의 기법들은 그런 라우팅 홀을 우회하는 방법으로 접근하는 경향을 보인다. 그러나 홀 우회를 위한 라우팅은 홀 주변 센서노드들의 불균형적인 에너지 소비를 유도하기 때문에, 그들의 통신장애 및 네트워크 수명에 장애를 발생시킬 수 있다. 우리는 이미 홀 우회를 위한 라우팅 방안을 제안하였지만, 그 또한 갖는 문제점 때문에 가우시안 함수를 활용하여 그 연구에 대한 확장 방안을 새롭게 제안한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.455-458
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• 2006

The HANARO reactor has a vertical hole for a cold neutron source (CNS) in the heavy-water reflector tank, i.e., the CNS hole, which was considerably deformed during its welding to the horizontal cold neutron (CN) beam tube. This paper presents an investigation of the form of the CNS hole for the optimal design of the a vacuum chamber for the CNS. In addition, the installation method of the vacuum chamber into the CNS hole for minimizing the water thickness between the vacuum chamber and the nose of the CN beam tube is proposed.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.927-934
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• 2002

The HANARO ( High-flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor) has been operated since 1995. The Cold Neutron (CN) hole was implanted in the reflector tank from the design stage. Before a vacuum chamber and a moderator cell for the cold neutron source are installed into the CN hole, it is necessary to measure exactly the size of the inside diameter and thickness of the CN hole to prevent the interference problem. Due to inaccessibility and high radiation field in the CN hole, a mechanical measurement method is not permitted. The immersed ultrasonic technique is considered as the best way to measure the thickness and the diameter of the CN hole. The 4-Axis manipulator was designed and fabricated for locating the ultrasonic sensors. The transducer of an ultrasonic sensor having 10 MHz frequency leads to high resolution as much as 0.03mm. The inside diameter and thickness of 550 points of the CN hole were measured using 2 channel ultrasonic sensors. The results show that the thickness and inside diameter of the CN hole is in the range of 3.3∼6.7mm and 156∼ 165mm, respectively. This data will be a good reference for the design of the cold neutron source facility.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제37권4B호
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• pp.227-235
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• 2012

무선센서네트워크에서 예기치 못한 지형과 자연현상 또는 노드 파손, 불균형적인 에너지 손실로 홀(hole)이 발생하는 것은 필수불가결하다. 이런 문제를 다루는 대부분의 현존 방식은 홀을 피하기 위해 정적인 우회 경로를 구성한다. 정적인 우회 경로는 홀 주변부에 있는 노드들의 과도한 에너지 손실을 유발한다. 그래서 데이터 패킷이 홀 주변 노드에 몰리고 노드들의 에너지는 급속하게 고갈되며 홀의 영역이 확대되는 효과가 나타난다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 가상 그리드 상에서 위치기반 라우팅 방식과 동적인 그리드 앵커포인터 설정을 통한 효율적인 홀 우회 방식을 제안한다. 제안된 홀 우회 방식은 홀이 있는 불규칙한 무선센서네트워크에서도 에너지 효율적이며 데이터 신뢰성을 제공하는 홀 우회 전송방식이다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 이러한 주장의 타당성을 제공한다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제6권9호
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• pp.2017-2036
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• 2012

Based on the current solutions to the problem of energy hole, this paper proposed a nonuniform node distribution clustering algorithm, NNDC. Firstly, we divide the network into rings, and then have an analysis and calculation on nodes' energy consumption in each ring of the network when clustering algorithm is applied to collect data. We also put forward a scheme of nonuniform node distribution on the basis of the proportion of nodes' energy consumption in each ring, and change nodes' active/hibernating states under density control mechanism when network coverage is guaranteed. Simulation shows NNDC algorithm can satisfyingly balance nodes' energy consumption and effectively avoid the problem of energy hole.

• 천문학논총
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.11-14
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• 2003

In the earlier papers we analyzed the axisymmetric, nonstationary electrodynamics of the central black hole and a surrounding thin accretion disk in an active galactic nucleus. Based on those papers we analyze the axisymmetric, nonstationary force-free black hole magnetosphere and the motion of the plasma. We concentrate on deriving the totally new equations for the entropy incrrease and the angular momentum, energy extraction of the black hole.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1997

A simplified experiment was performed to figure out the atomization characteristics of rice-bran oil which it is highly viscous liquid by applying ultrasonic energy. A spray system, an ultrasonic system, and three kinds of hole-type nozzles(hole diameter: 0.31, 0.34, 0.37mm) were manufactured. To investigate the effects of ultrasonic energy on the atomization of a highly viscous liquid, a phase doppler particle analyzer was used for measurement and calculation of spray droplets data. Nozzle opening pressures were chosen of 3 levels, i.e, 16, 20, and 24MPa. As a result, it could be concluded that the ultrasonic energy was effective to improve the spray atomization when it applied to the fuel by means of 3 different nozzles because of the effects of the liquid fuel cavitation and relaxation between molecules caused by ultrasonic energy. The improvement rate of the spray atomization by the ultrasonic method compared with the conventional spray increased about 15% in the case of hole type nozzles. By increasing of the nozzle opening pressure and decreasing of the hole diameter, the atomization of spray droplets was improved.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.804-808
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 네트워크에 분포된 센서 노드의 밀도와 노드의 제한된 에너지를 고려하여 데이터를 전송하는 Restricted Angle-control Flooding기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 기법은 특히 목적지에 가까워질수록 데이터 전송에 참여하는 노드의 수를 효율적으로 줄임으로써 불필요한 Broadcast 메시지를 제한하여 에너지 효율성을 높일 수 있으며, 노드의 Failure나 네트워크의 장애로 인한 Hole 발생시 Hole의 판단 기준에 따라 기존의 Flooding 방식 혹은 Forwarding area를 넓히는 Hole-Detection을 통하여 메시지 전송의 효율성을 높인다. 성능 평가를 통하여 노드 수가 증가할수록 기존의 Flooding에 비하여 메시지 전송시 소비되는 노드의 에너지와 전송률, 네트워크의 Lifetime면에서 우수하다는 것을 보여준다.