• ETRI Journal
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2015

This paper presents an energy-efficient (low power) prime-field hyperelliptic curve cryptography (HECC) processor with uniform power draw. The HECC processor performs divisor scalar multiplication on the Jacobian of genus 2 hyperelliptic curves defined over prime fields for arbitrary field and curve parameters. It supports the most frequent case of divisor doubling and addition. The optimized implementation, which is synthesized in a $0.13{\mu}m$ standard CMOS technology, performs an 81-bit divisor multiplication in 503 ms consuming only $6.55{\mu}J$ of energy (average power consumption is $12.76{\mu}W$). In addition, we present a technique to make the power consumption of the HECC processor more uniform and lower the peaks of its power consumption.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.305-318
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• 2023

Purpose - This study analyzed the decoupling phenomenon between energy consumption and economic growth in Korea from 1990 to 2021. The main purpose of this study is to suggest policy implications for achieving a low-carbon society and decoupling that Korea must move forward in the face of the climate change crisis. Design/methodology/approach - This study investigated the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth by energy source and sector using the energy-EKC (EEKC) hypothesis which included the energy consumption on the traditional Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), and the impulse response function (IRF) model based on Bayesian vector auto-regression (BVAR). Findings - During the analysis period, the trend of decoupling of energy consumption and economic growth in Korea is confirmed starting from 1996. However, the decoupling tendency appeared differently depending on the differences in energy consumption by sources and fields. The results of the IRF model using data on energy consumption by source showed that the impact of GDP and renewable energy consumption resulted in an increase in energy consumption of bio and waste, but a decrease in energy consumption by sources, and the impact of trade dependence was found to increase the consumption of petroleum products. Research implications or Originality - According to the main results, efficient distribution by existing energy source is required through expansion of development of not only renewable energy but also alternative energy. Additionally, in order to increase the effectiveness of existing energy policies to achieve carbon neutrality, more detailed strategies by source and sector of energy consumption are needed.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.79-90
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• 2021

This study aims to investigate the relationship between urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. The data used in the study are time-series data for the period 1985-2017; the data utilized are sourced from World Development Indicators obtained on the World Bank database. The method uses a quantitative approach that applies the vector error correction model based on the Granger causality test. The empirical results reveal that, in the short run, there is evidence that urbanization and energy consumption can causes CO2 emissions, and they also prove that urbanization can cause energy consumption. Also, other findings prove the existence of long-run relationships flowing from energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions toward urbanization, as well as the existence of the relationship flowing from urbanization, economic growth, and CO2 emissions towards energy consumption. The results of testing the relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions reveal that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is proven in Indonesia. Thus, policies are needed to limit the impact of urbanization through high awareness-raising to maintain environmental quality and greater use of energy. Also, energy conservation policies are needed in all sectors, especially the electricity, industry, and transportation sectors.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.2056-2065
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• 2021

The transition toward clean energy is an issue of great importance with growing debate in climate change mitigation. The complex nature of nuclear energy-CO₂ emissions nexus makes it difficult to predict whether or not nuclear acts as a clean energy source. Hence, we examined the relationship between nuclear energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the context of the IPAT and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework. Dynamic Auto-regressive Distributive Lag (DARDL), a newly modified econometric tool, is employed for estimation of long- and short-run dynamics by using yearly data spanning from 1971 to 2018. The empirical findings of the study revealed an instantaneous increase in nuclear energy reduces environmental pollution, which highlights that more nuclear energy power in the Indian energy system would be beneficial for climate change mitigation. The results further demonstrate that the overarching effect of population density in the IPAT equation stimulates carbon emissions. Finally, nuclear energy and population density contribute to form the EKC curve. To achieving a cleaner environment, results point out governmental policies toward the transition of nuclear energy that favours environmental sustainability.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.81-85
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• 2012

Electricity is the basic building block of economic development, and constitutes one of the vital infra-structural inputs in socio-economic development. The demand for electricity has been increasing due to extensive urbanization, industrialization, and a rise in the standard of living, as is the case with residential electricity consumption. This paper attempts to estimate the consumer surplus and the economic value of the residential consumption of electricity in Seoul to assist in decision-making in electricity management. The estimated consumer surplus represents the value of the area under the demand curve, above the actual price that is paid for residential electricity consumption. The estimated annual consumer surplus and economic value for the year 2005 amount to 2,144.7 and 3,727.4 billion won, respectively. The estimates per kWh were 184.9 and 316.0 won, respectively, which imply that the consumer surplus and the economic value of residential electricity consumption significantly outweigh the average price of electricity in 2005 of 91.1 won per kWh.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.1312-1320
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• 2022

The earlier studies have analyzed theoretical links between nuclear energy and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions concerning territorial (or production-based) emissions. Here using the latest available dataset, this study explores the impacts of nuclear energy on production-based and consumption-based CO₂ emission in the era of globalization for the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The Driscoll-Kraay regression method reveals that nuclear energy is beneficial for the reduction of production-based CO₂ emissions. However, it is revealed that nuclear energy does not reduce consumption-based CO₂ emissions that are traded internationally and hence not comprised in conventional production-based emissions (territory) inventories. Globalization tends to reduce both production-based and demand-based carbon emissions. Finally, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is validated for both kinds of CO₂ emissions. The findings may deliver practical policy implications related to nuclear energy and CO₂ emissions for selected countries.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.58-60
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• 2000

In this paper we present an estimation method of electric energy[kWh] for load management of pole-transformer. For the electric energy estimation, we use the nonlinear load research based estimation(NLRE) algorithm. The NLRE curve is the normalized annual cumulative energy consumption for a particular day in a year. And, it is used for the coefficient estimation. Estimation method of suggested electric energy of pole-transformer used billing cycle electric energy estimation equation is verified as comparison billing cycle electric energy and estimated electric energy. We can reduce the error of peak load estimation by suggested method than the conventional method in domestic.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.15-27
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• 1971

Physiological analysis of the physical exercise was made on 9 subjects performing mountain climbing. The course between two points (256 and 516 meters altitude) was 1,300 meters in distance and difference of vertical height was 260 meters making the mean grade of 20%. In the field, the heart rates during uphill or downhill walk were recorded by EKG radio-telemetry. In the laboratory, oxygen consumption was obtained by the recorded heart rates, using individual heart rate vs oxygen consumption diagram obtained by treadmill test. the following results were obtained. 1. Uphill walk time was 36.5 minutes, and during this period the mean heart rate was 149.0 heats/min and peak heart rate was 169.2 beats/min. The total heart beats during the uphill walk was 5.433 beats. 2. The ratio of individual mean heart rate during the uphill walk to the maximal heart rate distributed between 66.6% and 98.3%, and the mean of the total group was 83.1%. The ratio of peak heart rate of uphill walk to the maximal heart rate was 94.5% in the group. Thus uphill walk of a 20% grade mountain course was an exhaustive exercise. 3. Oxygen consumption during uphill walk was 2.22 l/min (ranged between 1.79 and 2.70 l/min) and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 8.31. The peak value of oxygen consumption during uphill walk was 2.73 l/min and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 10.39. 4. Energy expenditure during uphill walk showed a mean of 11.1 kcal/min and the peak expenditure rate was 13.6 kcal/min. The total energy expenditure during 36.5 minutes of uphill walk was 396 kcal. 5. In downhill walk, the time was 31.7 minutes, mean heart rate was 118.4 (ranged between 100.1 and 142.7) beats/min, and the peak heart rate was only 129.4 beats/min. The ratio of mean heart rate to the maximal heart rate was 66.3%. Total heart beats during downhill walk was 3,710 beats. The ratio of downhill oxygen consumption to the resting consumption was 5.70. The rate of energy expenditure was 7.5 kcal/min, and the total onery expenditure during the 31.7 minutes of downhill walk was 228 kcal. 6. The effect of training was manifest in the uphill walk and not in the downhill walk. After training in mountain course walk, i) the uphill time was shortened, ii) mean heart rate increased, iii) time vs heart rate curve became smooth and showed less frequent zig-zag, i.e., the depth of trough on the curve decreased and the magnitude was less than 10 beats. In non-trained subject the depth of trough on the curve was greater than 50 beats and appeared more frequently. 7. Mountain climbing is a good health promotion exercise. For the promotion of health the reasonable amount of uphill mountain walk exercise in a 20% grade course is a walk for 40 or 50 minutes duration once a week.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.39-46
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• 2016

In this paper, the relationship between energy consumption in the logistics industry and economic growth of Tumen River region from 1995 to 2014 is empirically analyzed by using the EKC model theory. The results show that there is a turning point in the Kuznets curve of carbon emission in TumenRiverregion. And it has the characteristic sof "invertedU" curve, which conforms to the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Meanwhile it is stil lintherisingstage. According to the analysis results, it is proposed to set up the concept of low carbon logistics, optimize the energy structure, strengthen the information construction, and establish low-carbon development mechanism and so on.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38A no.12
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• pp.1045-1053
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• 2013

In this paper, we propose a new power-saving mechanism (PSM) for Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems by considering a round-trip delay between a user equipment (UE) and its correspondence node. The proposed PSM changes the order of the operational procedures of the legacy LTE PSM by taking the traffic arrival pattern suffering the round-trip delay into account. After modeling the round-trip delay, we numerically analyze the proposed PSM with respect to energy consumption and buffering delay. Then, we characterize these performances by employing a simple energy-delay tradeoff (EDT) curve according to the operational parameters. The resulting EDT curve clearly shows that the proposed PSM outperforms the legacy LTE PSM in terms of both the energy consumption and buffering delay.