• 항공우주기술
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.176-184
• /
• 2010

지구 저궤도 위성의 임무 운용 시 전력 시스템을 안전하고 운용하고 에너지 균형을 만족하는 임무를 설계하기 위해 계획된 임무에 대한 전력 파라미터를 예측해야 한다. 이 논문에서는 다양한 미션 프로파일에 대해 위성의 생성 전력, 소모 전력, 배터리 방전 정도(Depth of Discharge, 이하 DoD), 버스 전압, 충/방전 전류 등을 예측함으로써 미션의 유효성 및 에너지 균형을 검증하기 위한 전력 시뮬레이터를 제안한다. 제안된 전력 시뮬레이터에는 인공위성의 생성 전력을 모사하기 위해 태양전지판(Solar Array, 이하 SA)의 모델, SAR (Solar Array Regulator)의 3가지 동작 모드를 구현하였다. 또한 소모 전력을 모사하기 위해 버스 및 탑재체의 각 유닛 별 소모 전력, Unit on/off configuration, 탑재체 운용 모드 등을 고려하였다. 버스 전압 및 충/방전 전류를 예측하기 위해 배터리 및 주변 회로를 모델링하고 임의의 DoD, 충방전 전류에 대해 배터리 전압 및 버스 전압을 예측한다. 구현된 전력 시뮬레이터를 이용해 에너지 균형을 분석하고 임무 계획의 적합성을 쉽게 판단할 수 있다.

• 전기화학회지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.151-157
• /
• 2006

A two-dimensional numerical model to study the performance of anode-supported flat-tube solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) far the cross section of the cell in the flow direction of the fuel and air flows is developed. In this model a mass and charge balance, Maxwell-Stefan equation as well as the momentum equation by using, Darcy's law are applied in differential form. The finite element method using FEMLAB commercial software is used for meshing, discritization and solving the system of coupled differential equations. The current density distribution and fuel consumption as well as water production are analyzed. Experimental data is used to verify a predicted voltage-current density and power density versus current density to judge on the model accuracy.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제54권4호
• /
• pp.809-827
• /
• 2015

In this paper, seismic energy response of inelastic steel structures under earthquake excitations is investigated. For this purpose, a numerical procedure based on nonlinear dynamic analysis is developed by considering material, geometric and connection nonlinearities. Material nonlinearity is modeled by the inversion of Ramberg-Osgood equation. Nonlinearity caused by the interaction between the axial force and bending moment is also defined considering stability functions, while the geometric nonlinearity caused by axial forces is described using geometric stiffness matrix. Cyclic behaviour of steel connections is taken into account by employing independent hardening model. Dynamic equation of motion is solved by Newmark's constant acceleration method in the time history domain. Energy response analysis of space frames is performed by using this proposed numerical method. Finally, for the first time, the distribution of the different energy types versus time at the duration of the earthquake ground motion is obtained where in addition error analysis for the numerical solutions is carried out and plotted depending on the relative error calculated as a function of energy balance versus time.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.81.1-81.1
• /
• 2010

We present a detailed description of the blast-wave modeling technique for a very general class of GRB explosions. Providing a simple method of evaluating the blast energy, we demonstrate that a common approximation of pressure balance for the blast wave violates the energy-conservation law significantly for adiabatic blast waves. We show that the energy-violation problem is successfully resolved by the "mechanical model" that we developed. GRB afterglow lightcurves that are produced by the forward and reverse shock waves of the blast wave are presented.

• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.111-121
• /
• 1997

The spectral energy balance model is composed and the nonlinear interaction is approximated by the discrete interaction parameterization as in WAM model. The numerical results of durational limited growth test agree very well with those of the exact model, EXACT-NL. The response of a wave spectrum to a change in wind direction is investigated numerically for a sequence of direction changes 30$^{\circ}$ , 45$^{\circ}$ , 60$^{\circ}$ , 90$^{\circ}$ . The high frequency components relax more repidly to the new wind direction than the low frequency components and the relaxation process also depends on the wave age. For wind direction changes less than 60$^{\circ}$ , the coupling by nonlinear interaction is so strong that the secondary peak in input source distribution is counteracted by the negative lobe of the nonlinear interaction. For wind direction changes grater than 60$^{\circ}$ , a second independent wind-sea spectrum is generated in the new wind direction, while the old spectrum gradually decays as swell.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 추계학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.82.2-82.2
• /
• 2011

A channel design which is closely related with the mass transport overpotential is one of the most important procedures to optimize the whole fuel cell performance. In this study, three dimensional results of a numerical study for gas distribution in channels of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) unit cell for a 1kW class stack was presented. The relationship between the fuel and air distribution in the anode and cathode channels of the unit cell and the electric performance was observed. A charge balance model in the electrodes and the electrolyte coupled with a heat transfer model and a fluid flow model in the porous electrodes and the channels was solved for the mass, momentum, energy, species and charge conservation. The electronic and ionic charge balance in the anode and cathode current feeders, the electrolyte and GDEs were solved for using Ohm's law, while Butler-Volmer charge transfer kinetics described the charge transfer current density. The material transport was described by the diffusion and convection equations and Navier-Stokes equations govern the flow in the open channel. It was assumed that heat is produced by the electrochemical reactions and joule heating due to the electrical currents.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제51권1호
• /
• pp.221-227
• /
• 2019

One of the important requirements for the application of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel is to retain proper mechanical properties in irradiation and high temperature conditions. In order to simulate the impact toughness with the effect of temperature and irradiation, a simulation model based on energy balance method consisted of crack initiation, plastic propagation and cleavage propagation stages was established. The effect of temperature on impact toughness was analyzed by the model and the trend of the simulation results was basicly consistent with the previous experimental results of CLAM steels. The load-displacement curve was simulated to express the low temperature ductile-brittle transition. The effect of grain size and inclusion was analyzed by the model, which was consistent with classical experiment results. The transgranular-intergranular transformation in brittle materials was also simulated.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• 제10권10호
• /
• pp.4724-4747
• /
• 2016

To efficiently reduce on-grid energy consumption, the admission control algorithm in the hybrid energy powered cellular network (HybE-Net) with base stations (BSs) powered by on-grid energy and solar energy is studied. In HybE-Net, the fluctuation of solar energy harvesting and energy consumption may result in the imbalance of solar energy utilization among BSs, i.e., some BSs may be surplus in solar energy, while others may maintain operation with on-grid energy supply. Obviously, it makes solar energy not completely useable, and on-grid energy cannot be reduced at capacity. Thus, how to control user admission to improve solar energy utilization and to reduce on-grid energy consumption is a great challenge. Motivated by this, we first model the energy flow behavior by using stochastic queue model, and dynamic energy characteristics are analyzed mathematically. Then, fuzzy logic based admission control algorithm is proposed, which comprehensively considers admission judgment parameters, e.g., transmission rate, bandwidth, energy state of BSs. Moreover, the index of solar energy utilization balancing is proposed to improve the balance of energy utilization among different BSs in the proposed algorithm. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs excellently in improving solar energy utilization and reducing on-grid energy consumption of the HybE-Net.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.236-255
• /
• 1999

An improved mechanistic model was developed to predict a convective boiling critical heat flux (CHF) in the vertical round tubes with uniform heat fluxes. The CHF formula for subcooled and low quality boiling was derived from the local conservation equations of mass, energy and momentum, together with appropriate constitutive relations. The model is characterized by the momentum balance equation to determine the limiting transverse interchange of mass flux crossing the interface of wall bubbly layer and core by taking account of the convective shear effect due to the frictional drag on the wall-attached bubbles. Comparison between the present model predictions and experimental CHF data from several sources shows good agreement over a wide range of How conditions. The present model shows comparable prediction accuracy with the CHF look-up table of Groeneveld et al. Also the model correctly accounts for the effects of flow variables as well as geometry parameters.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.183-190
• /
• 2007

Controlling superheat of indoor units associated with a multi-type heat pump is one of difficult tasks to be addressed. This study suggests a dynamic model of an evaporator based on heat and mass balance. Thermodynamic properties are calculated by a commercial software, Refprop. The model is programmed in MFC Visual C++ for controller interface in real-time mode. The simulation results shows that PI control works for a narrow range of superheat. Beyond the range, the temperature behavior of the refrigerant is quite nonlinear mainly due to phase change. Thus, it is concluded that PI control of superheat has to be supplemented by nonlinear control ideas to avoid saturation and excessive superheat.