Development of supervoltage treatment machine may minimize skin reaction by skin-sparing effect, but skin damage is still one of "the dose limiting factor" in radiation therapy. In spite of these importance, systemic histopathologic studies of skin in similar conditions which used in clinical treatment has not been performed so far. 60mice were irradiated with conventional fraction ($200{\times}5/wk$) and whole abdominal field ($2{\times}3cm$, from symphysis pubis to xyphoid process). Used machine was 250KV, 24mA, orthovoltage x-ray machine. Histopathological changes of acute skin reaction at the level of total irradiation dose were analyzed and the possible mechanism of later chronic changes were investigated. Obtained results are as follows: 1. In 1,000 rad irradiated group, only mild epidermal edema is noted. 2. In 2,000 rad irradiated group, slightly decreased number and size of hair follicles and appendages, dermal edema and scanty infiltration of inflammatory cells are visible. 3. In 3,000 rad irradiated group, marked increased capillary congestion and prominant infiltration of inflammatory cells are observed. 4. In 4,000 rad irradiated group, vascular wall thickening with proliferation of endothelial cells are prominant. Dermal thinning and hyalinization are newly developed. 5. In 5,000 rad irradiated group, complete desquamation of epidermis is not seen, despite of acceleration of all above mentioned changes.
Chemotherapy is the primary therapy for malignant lymphoma (ML). However, the clinical outcome is still far from satisfactory. Consequently, an understanding of the mechanism of modulating cancer cell invasion, migration and metastasis is important for the development of more effective chemotherapeutic agents. FNC, 2'-deoxy-2'-${\beta}$-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine, a novel cytidine analogue, has demonstrated significantly inhibitory effects on proliferation of several non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cell lines. A previous study indicated that FNC effectively inhibited the growth of Raji and JeKo-1 cells in dose-time dependent effects with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.2{\mu}M$ and $0.097{\mu}M$, respectively. This study was focused on investigating the anti-invasive properties of FNC on NHL cells and its potential mechanisms of action. Cell adhesion and transwell chamber assays were utilized to investigate the anti-invasive effects of FNC on Raji and JeKo-1 cells. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were employed to qualify the expression of ${\beta}$-catenin, the glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-$3{\beta}$), E-cadherin vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The results revealed that FNC remarkably inhibited the adhesion, migration and invasion of two human aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, ${\beta}$-catenin, MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF mRNA and protein levels were decreased after FNC treatment, while GSK-$3{\beta}$ and E-cadherin increased. Our studies thus provide evidence and a rationale that FNC may offer an effective chemotherapeutic agent by regulating the invasion and metastasis of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma via inhibition of the Wnt/${\beta}$-catenin signaling pathway.
The purpose of study to phenomenological examine and the mechanism regarding the gene(DNA, RNA, Protein) and sports to studied, analyzed. and evaluated. This review considers the evidence for genetic effects in several determinants of endurance performance and resistance performance, namely: body measurements and physique, body fat pulmonary functions, cardiac and circulatory functions, muscle characteristics. substrate utilization, maximal aerobic power and other. Moreover, the response to aerobic training of indicators aerobic work metabolism and endurance performance is reviewed, with emphasis on the specificity of the response and the individual differences observed in training ability. This study indicate that improvement of 'Enhancer Action' in RNA genes changed by exercise or sports. Moreover exercise was effect on Central Dogma with DNA makes RNA makes Protein. and think that occurred with exercise influence on skeletal muscle into cell have to Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) changed was after exercise performance, which accompanied into skeletal muscle that were exercise-induces gene-modulation that is, take gene mutations. This study known that existed hormone(epinephrine)-immune system with interaction. Exercise were altered insulin binding and MAP Kinase signaling increased into immune cells. This review suggested that the high rate of glutamine utilization by cells of the immune system serves to maintain a high intra cellular concentration of the intermediates of biosynthetic pathways such that optimal rates of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis can be maintained. In the absence of glutamine, lymphocytes do not proliferate in vitro: proliferation increase greatly as the glutamine concentration increase. Glutamine is synthesized in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle and plasma glutamine levels are lowered by sepsis, injury, bums, surgery and endurance exercise and in the overtrained athlete. The study of result show that production of ET-1 is markedly increased tissue specifically in the heart by exercise without appreciable changes in endothelin-converting enzyme and endothelial receptor expressions, suggest that myocardial ET-1 may participate in modulation of cardiac function during exercise. Conclusionally, this study indicate that improvement of 'Enhancer Action' in RNA genes changed by exercise or sports. Moreover exercise was effect on Central Dogma with DNA makes RNA makes Protein. This study is expected to contribute the area of sports science, medicine, hereafter more effort is required to establish the relation between gene alters and exercise amount.
Gilson Khang;Park, Myoung-Kyu;Jong M. Rhee;Lee, Sang-Jin;Lee, Hai-Bang;Yasuhiko Iwasaki;Nobuo Nakabayashi;Kazuhiko Ishihara
Macromolecular Research
/
v.9
no.2
/
pp.107-115
/
2001
Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) was blended with poly[$\omega$-methacryloyloxyethyl phospho-rylcholine-co-ethylhexylmethacrylate (PMEH)] (PLGA/PMEH) to endow with new functionality i.e., to improve the cell-, tissue- and blood-compatibility. The characteristics of surface properties were investigated by measurement of contact angle goniometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). NIH/3T3 fibroblast and bovine aortic endothelial cell were cultured on control and PLGA/PMEH surfaces for the evaluation of ceil attachment and proliferation in terms of surface functionality such as the concentration of phosphoryl-choline. Also, the behavior of platelet adhesion on PLGA/PMEH was observed in terms of the surface functionality. The contact angles on control and PLGA/PMEH surfaces decreased with increasing PMEH content from 75$^{\circ}$ to about 43$^{\circ}$. It was observed from the FTIR-ATR spectra that phosphorylcholine groups are gradually increased with increasing blended amount of MPC. The experimental P percent values from ESCA analysis were more 3.28∼7.4 times than that of the theoretical P percent for each blend films. These results clearly indicated that the MPC units were concentrated on the surface of PLGA/PMEH blend. The control and PLGA/PMEH films with 0.5 to 10.0 wt% concentration of PMEH were used to evaluate cell adhesion and growth in terms of phosphorylcholine functionality and wettability. Cell adhesion and growth on PLGA/PMEH surfaces were less active than those of control and both cell number decreased with increasing PMEH contents without the effect of surface wettability. It can be explained that the fibronectin adsorption decreased with an increase in the surface density of phosphorylcholine functional group. One can conclude the amount of the protein adsorption and the adhesion number of cells can be controlled and nonspecifically reduced by the introduction with phosphorylcholine group. Morphology of the adhered platelets on the PLGA/PMEH surface showed lower activating than control and the number of adhered platelets on the PLGA/PMEH sample decreased with increasing the phosphorylcholine contents. The amount of fibrinogen adsorbed on the PLGA/PMEH surface demonstrated that the phospholipid polar group played an important role in reducing protein adsorption on the surface. In conclusion, this surface modification technique might be effectively used PLGA film and scaffolds for controlling the adhesion and growth of cell and tissue, furthermore, blood compatibility of the PLGA was improved by blending of the MPC polymer for the application of tissue engineering fields.
Ji, Yu-Bin;Chen, Ning;Zhu, Hong-Wei;Ling, Na;Li, Wen-Lan;Song, Dong-Xue;Gao, Shi-Yong;Zhang, Wang-Cheng;Ma, Nan-Nan
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
/
v.15
no.21
/
pp.9319-9325
/
2014
Alkaloids are the most extensively featured compounds of natural anti-tumor herbs, which have attracted much attention in pharmaceutical research. In our previous studies, a mixture of major three alkaloid components (5, 6-dihydrobicolorine, 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine, littoraline) from Hymenocallis littoralis were extracted, analyzed and designated as AHL. In this paper, AHL extracts were added to human liver hepatocellular cells HepG-2, human gastric cancer cell SGC-7901, human breast adenocarcinoma cell MCF-7 and human umbilical vein endothelial cell EVC-304, to screen one or more AHL-sensitive tumor cell. Among these cells, HepG-2 was the most sensitive to AHL treatment, a very low dose ($0.8{\mu}g/ml$) significantly inhibiting proliferation. The non-tumor cell EVC-304, however, was not apparently affected. Effect of AHL on HepG-2 cells was then explored. We found that the AHL could cause HepG-2 cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint, induce apoptosis, and interrupt polymerization of microtubules. In addition, expression of two cell cycle-regulated proteins, CyclinB1 and CDK1, was up-regulated upon AHL treatment. Up-regulation of the Fas, Fas ligand, Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 was observed as well, which might imply roles for the Fas/FsaL signaling pathway in the AHL-induced apoptosis of HepG-2 cells.
Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
/
v.38
no.3
/
pp.296-302
/
2011
Idiopathic gingival fibromatosisrarely occurs, but frequently recurred after surgical removal. It usually occurs in generalized symmetrical pattern but sometimes in localized unilateral pattern. The localized pattern usually affects the maxillary molar and tuberosity area. This disease usually causes tooth migration, malocclusion, and problems in eating, speech, and esthetics. A boy showed dense gingival fibromatosis localized at primary maxillary right lateral incisor area at the age of 5 years, and his maxillary right lateral incisor become severely displaced at the age of 9 years. He had no medical and hereditary factors relevant to the gingival fibromatosis. However, the dense fibrous tissue was dominant in his labial gingiva of maxillary right incisors. In order to realign the displaced incisors by orthodontic treatment, the dense fibrous tissue covered the defect space between the central incisor and the displaced lateral incisor was surgically removed. The removed specimen was examined by simple immunohistochemical(IHC) array method. IHC array showed increased expression of CTGF, HSP-70, MMP-1, PCNA, CMG2, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages of gingival fibromatosis tissue. Therefore, it was suggested that the gingival fibromatosis be caused by the concomitant overexpression of CTGF, HSP-70, MMP-1, PCNA, CMG2, and TNF-${\alpha}$, and resulted in the fibroepithelial proliferation and the inflammatory reaction of gingival tissue.
In order to study the effects of $\alpha$-tocopherol acetate in glomerular injury, the minimal change nephrosis disease was induced by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and we examined biochemical analysis in serum and morphological changes. The experimental animals were divided to control, PAN-treated (30 mg/kg, I.p.), vitamin E-treated (200 mg/kg, P.O.), and PAN+vitamin E-treated groups. After PAN injection, the rate of increase of body weight was lower than the other treatments. In addition, at 8 days after PAN injection, total protein content in serum was the lowest, whereas both blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine contents were the highest in all experimental groups, which their changes of serum parameters were statistically significant. In morphological changes, the glomerular tissue at 8 days after PAN injection clearly showed obstruction of urinary space and proliferation of mesangial cells, and that loss and fusion of pedicles, vacuolization and edema of endothelial cells, and thickness of basal lamina were ultrastructurally showed in the glomerulus. Glomerular injury was significantly prevented by administration of vitamin E having an antioxidant effect. It suggested that the glomerular injury induced by PAN was accelerated by hypertension, and renal dysfunction might be induced by oxidative injury.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
/
v.23
no.5
/
pp.1055-1062
/
2009
Magnolia obovata exhibit several beneficial effects including anti-oxidant effects. Magnolia obovata is used as a therapeutic agent to stop hemorrhages and a tonic to promoted health in Korean and Chinese medicine. The pharmacokinetic profiles of the main Magnolia obovata is still not accurately investigated. In present study, I examined the effects of water extracts of Magnolia obovata on atherosclerosis induced high cholesterol diet in rats in serum and abdominal aorta. A total of 3-week old 9 male rats of Sprague-Dawley were divided into 3 groups and fed with the basal diet (normal group), high cholesterol diet (atherosclerosis induced group) for 8 weeks, high cholesterol diet supplemented with water extracts of Magnolia obovata (Magnolia obovata group) for 2 weeks. And rats were sacrificed, serum lipid level, abodominal aortic anti-oxidant activities and lipid peroxide were measured. These results indicated that serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides concentration significantly lower in Magnolia obovata group than high cholesterol diet group. But HDL-cholesterol concentration had significantly higher in Magnolia obovata group than high cholesterol diet group. In conclusion, Magnolia obovata controls of lipid level of hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia, thus suppresses the proliferation of intima in endothelial cells, which is risk factors of atherosclerosis induced high cholesterol diet in rats. I consider as Magnolia obovata is worth to using as atherosclerosis treatment.
Living creatures possess long-conserved mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in response to various stresses. However, chronic and continuous exposure to stress can result in the excessive production of stress hormones, including catecholamines, which have harmful effects on health. Studies on the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and cancer have been conducted based on the traditional hypothesis that stress can promote cancer progression. Many preclinical and epidemiological studies have suggested that the regulation of ${\beta}$-adrenergic signaling, which mediates SNS activity, can suppress the progression of solid tumors. SNS activation has highly pleiotropic effects on tumor biology, as it stimulates oncogenes, survival pathways, the epithelial - mesenchymal transition, and invasion. Moreover, it inhibits DNA repair and programmed cell death and regulates the tumor microenvironment, including immune cells, endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix, mesenchymal cells, and adipocytes. Although targeted therapies on the molecular basis of tumor proliferation are currently receiving increased attention, they have clinical limitations, such as the compensatory activation of other signaling pathways, emergence of drug resistance, and various side effects, which raise the need for pleiotropic cancer regulation. This review summarizes the effects of the SNS on the development and progression of cancer and discusses the clinical perspectives of ${\beta}$-blockade as a novel therapeutic strategy for this disease.
This study was undertaken to investigate paraquat-induced pulmonary injuries and effects of colchicine on pulmonary fibrosis by paraquat. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected 10 mg/kg of paraquat and repeatedly with 2 days interval. Another 15 rats were injected paraquat as same manner and simultaneously injected 10 mg/kg of colchicine in a week. Five rats in each group were sacrificed 1, 2, and 4 weeks after initial injections, and lungs extracted were observed by light and electron microscopes. On light microscopy, there was mild infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes in alveolar spaces and walls at 1 week after paraquat injection. The cellularity of alveolar wall was increased with time. However, the cellularity was not so prominent in paraquat and colchicine simultaneously injected group. On electron microscopy, there was marked swelling or excoriation of type I epithelial cells and alveolar capillary endothelium with infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes, and lymphocytes in alveolar walls. Such findings were persisted with time. In addition, fibroblastic proliferation and deposition of collagen fibers were prominent at 4 weeks after paraquat injection. Fibrosis also occurred at 4 weeks after paraquat and colchicine simultaneous injection. It was not proninent than that of paraquat injected group. According to the above result, it would be concluded that the type I pneumocytes and alveolar capillary endothelial cells are most vulnerable on paraquat poisoning, and that the colchicine is effective on inhibition of paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.