• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1287-1293
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• 2007

To obtain the risk assessment of hazardous materials in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, the residual pesticides and heavy metals in samples on the Korea and China are surveyed. Group I ($BHC-{\delta}$, $BHC-{\beta}$, Fenitrothion, Penthoate, Endosulfan-${\alpha}$, Dieldrin, Endosulfan-${\beta}$ and Endosulfan-sulfate), Group II (BHC-${\gamma}$, Aldrin, DDD, DDT-p,p Permethrin and Fenvalerate), Group III(BHC-${\alpha}$, Chlorpyrifos, Tolyfluanid, Captan and DDT-o,p) and Group IV(Quintozene, Vinclozolin, DDE and Chlorfenapyr) could analysed on gas chromatography-ECD for evaluation of residual pesticides. Qualified detection concentration on the GC-ECD are $0.45 ng/g{\sim}2.50 ng/g$. Group I, Group II, Group III and Group IV are not detected in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata on the Korea and China. Concentration of As, Cd and Pb in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata. on the Korea are 3.06%, 7.00% and 5.78% for Korea Food & Drug Administration(KFDA). Concentration of As, Cd and Pb in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata. on the China are 5.16%, 5.33% and 6.50% for Korea Food & Drug Administration(KFDA). The hazardous materials in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata on the Korea and China were verified the safety of the residual heavy metals and pesticides compare with Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) advisory level.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.335-349
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• 2011

100 residual pesticides in 1,565 medicinal herbs being on sale in Seoul was analyzed by a simultaneous multiresidue method. The recovery ratio was 71.0~119.7%. The detection rate of pesticide residues was 5.3% and the rate of excess to Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) was 0.9% of the total samples. The medicinal herbs which had the high detection rate of residual pesticides were Alismatis Rhizoma, Citri Unshii Pericarpium, Lycii Fructus and Zyzyphi Fructus. The medicinal herbs detected pesticide over Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) were Alismatis Rhizoma (4), Cnidii Rhizomain (4), Chrysanthemi Zawadski Herba (1), Citri Unshii Pericarpium (1), Lycii Radix Cortex (1), Menthae Herba (1), Schisandrae Fructus (1) and Taraxaci Herba (1). The residual pesticides which had the high detection frequency were cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, phenthoate, endosulfan, isoprothiolane, chlorothalonil and chlorfenapyr. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of detected pesticides was compared to Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in order to assess risk. Ethoprophos detected in Cnidii Rhizomain showed the highest %ADI, 26.85. And pyraclofos and endosulfan in Cnidii Rhizomain, endosulfan and isoprothiolane in Alismatis Rhizoma and cyprodinil in Taraxaci Herba showed more than 1 %ADI, but others showed below 1 %ADI.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.255-261
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• 2007

To obtain the risk assessment of hazardous materials with maturing process of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, the residual heavy metals and pesticides in samples are surveyed. Concentration of As, Cd and Pb during the maturing process of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata of Korea are $0.147{\pm}0.007\;mg/L,\;0.025{\pm}0.001\;mg/L\;and\;0.193{\pm}0.021\;mg/L$, respectively. Concentration of As, Cd and Pb during the maturing process of Rehmanniae Radix Preparat of China are $0.0145{\pm}0.014\;mg/L,\;0.023{\pm}0.002\;mg/L\;and\;0.299{\pm}0.013\;mg/L$, respectively. Concentration of As, Cd and Hg remain unchanged during the maturing process of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata. Concentration of As, Cd and Pb in Rehmanniae Radix Preparat on the Korea are 3.53%, 6.66% and 5.16% for Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) advisory level, respectively. The residual pesticides, such as aldrin, $BHC-{\alpha},\;BHC-{\beta},\;BHC-{\gamma},\;BHC-{\delta}$, captan, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, DDD, DDE, DDT-o,p, DDT-p.p, dieldrin, endosulfan-sulfate, $endosulfan-{\alpha}$, $endosulfan-{\beta}$, fenitrothion, penthoate, permethrin, quintozene, tolyfluanid and vinclozolin, are not detected in Rehmanniae Radix Preparat on the Korea and China. The hazardous materials in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata on the Korea and China are verified the safety of the residual heavy metals and pesticides compare with Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) advistory level.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.271-282
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• 2013

This is the result of pesticide residue monitoring certified Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) by national agricultural cooperative federation (NACF) from 2009 to 2012. NACF evaluated simultaneously 283 pesticide multi-analysis method with GC (ECD, NPD) and HPLC. 6,590 agricultural products were analyzed in this period. As the results 1) detected 20.27% in 2009, 23.42% in 2010, 28.07% in 2011 and finally 31.75% in 2012, respectively. There was the total detected pesticide residue in the agricultural products. The violated ratio of agricultural products were 2.25% in 2009, 1.82% in 2010, 1.67% in 2011 and 3.47% in 2012, respectively. 13 pesticides went over the maximum residue limits (MRLs); carbendazim was the predominant violation. 40 pesticides; endosulfan was the predominant detected pesticide did not registered respectively crops in Korea. Most agricultural products that were under the MRLs met the safety standard, however agricultural products that contain neither registered nor set up MRL any level for example endosulfan in strawberry. Agricultural products that go over the MRLs with permitted pesticides, for example carbendazim in apple, are rejected. Because of these intricacies continual observation and evaluation will be need during GAP agricultural cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.338-351
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: To investigate distribution and seasonal variation of concentration and flux of pesticides in Han river basin, water samples were examined at 24 sites in 2012 and 2014. METHODS AND RESULTS: Water samples were collected four times per year and subjected to liquid-liquid partition extraction followed by GC-ECD/NPD analysis. Of fifteen pesticides detected, iprobenfos, diazinon, isoprothiolane, endosulfan sulfate and oxadiazon were detected in a higher frequency, while fenoxanil, carbofuran, fenitrothion, butachlor and metolachlor were only detected in a sample. Pesticides with high occurrences, iprobenfos, diazinon, isoprothiolane, endosulfan sulfate and oxadiazon were detected in residue level of 0.01-0.46, 0.01-0.24, 0.03-0.85, 0.02-0.06 and 0.05-0.24 ㎍/L, respectively. Carbofuran and acetanilide herbicides were found at lower frequencies, but their concentrations were one order of magnitude higher than those of the others. CONCLUSION: Discharge of pesticides in downstream area were mainly contributed from rice farming and suburban horticulture, while pesticide occurrences in upstream area, such as Donggang river basin were caused by highland agriculture for cabbage and potato production. Despite the influx of pesticides from tributaries through intensive agriculture areas, pesticide concentration in the main stream water was low due to the dilution effect from the upstream. Therefore, the water quality was considered to be good at the most downstream, the effluent of Paldang dam.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.205-210
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• 1998

This study was carried out for the dietary safety based on the level of pesticide residues in 19 kinds of agricultural products consumed in Kangwon-do, Korea. From April 1995 to December 1997, eight organochlorine pesticides in 673 samples were analyzed by using GLC-ECD. According to the results, one kind of pesticides were detected in 159(23.6%) samples and two kinds were in 24(15.1%). While Chlorobenzilate, Dicofol and Tetradifon were not found. Detection ranges of pesticides were $0.001{\sim}0.117ppm$ for DDT, $0.001{\sim}0.095ppm$ for ${\gamma}-BHC$, $0.001{\sim}0.067ppm$ for ${\alpha},{\beta}-Endosulfan$, $0.003{\sim}0.250ppm$ for Chlorothalonil and 0.033ppm for Captafol. Average residues were 0.006ppm for DDT, 0.009ppm for ${\gamma}-BHC$, 0.008ppm for ${\alpha},{\beta}-Endosulfan$, 0.024ppm for Chlorothalonil and 0.033ppm for Captafol, respectively. Consequently, all of the organochlorine pesticide residues in the analyzed samples were within the maximum residue limits.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.209-215
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• 2009

This study was performed to produce the processing factors of pesticides in dried carrot. It is essential data for establishing the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of pesticides in dried carrot. The target pesticides were azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, captan, endosulfan and triclorfon. These pesticides are included Korea's MRL list in carrot and USA's MRL list in dried foods. To infiltrate these pesticides up to each MRL level in carrot, the dipping test was performed in laboratory. Also, the supervised residue trial of the pesticide for carrot was conducted in the green house to recognize the field trial's tendency. In the dipping test in laboratory (including drying examination), the processing factors of the carrot at various concentrations and temperatures could be evaluated. In field test, the processing factors were 5.9 for azinphos-methyl, 1.7 for captan, 7.6 for chlorpyrifos, 6 for endosulfan, 0 for trichlorfon, respectively. The dipping test in laboratory on various kinds of conditions showed more precise processing factors than field trial. The processing factors obtained from the dipping test of carrot were 0~4.7 at the various concentration of the pesticides, and 0~6.7 at various drying temperature. The lower level processing factors were 0~0.6 for trichlorfon and the higher level were 3.0~5.8 for chlorpyrifos. The highest processing factor was 9.1 for captan.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.6-14
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are chemical substances that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effect to human health and the environment. They were designated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by Stockholm Convention. Greenhouse strawberry is economic crop in agriculture, and its cultivation area and yield has been increased. Therefore, we tried to investigate the POPs residue in greenhouse soil and strawberry.METHODS AND RESULTS: Extraction and clean-up method for the quantitative analysis of OCPs was developed and validated by gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detector (ECD). The clean-up method was established using the modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe(QuEChERS) method for OCPs in soil and strawberry. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) and recovery rates of OCPs in greenhouse soil and strawberry were 0.9-6.0 and 0.6-0.9 μg/kg, 74.4-115.6 and 75.6-88.4%, respectively. The precision was reliable sincerelative standard deviation (RSD) percentage (0.5-3.7 and 2.9-5.2%) was below 20, which was the normal percent value. The residue of OCPs in greenhouse soil was analyzed by the developed method, and dieldrin, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate were detected at 1.6-23, 2.2-28.4 and 1.8-118.6 μg/kg, respectively. Those in strawberry were not detected in all samples.CONCLUSION: Dieldrin, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in a part of investigated greenhouse soil were detected. But those were not detected in investigated greenhouse strawberry. These results showed that the residue in greenhouse soil were lower level than bioaccumulation occurring.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to set up the analytical method of new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as chlordecone, endosulfan, ${\alpha}$-HCH, ${\beta}$-HCH, ${\gamma}$-HCH. The analytical methods for these compounds listed as new POPs by the Stockholm Convention need to be newly established. Therefore, we proposed the analytical method for 5 organic chlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and then applied the analytical method to environmental samples. To do this, the pre-treatment such as florisil and activated carbon cleanup process in the Korean official method for classic POPs had been reviewed. All of compounds except chlordecone were pre-treated simultaneously with reviewed cleanup process and detected by GC/MS and HRGC/HRMS respectively. There is a problem that chlordecone could not get a high sensitivity by GC analysis, but in this study GC/MS method was proposed.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.2 s.57
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• pp.111-118
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• 2007

This study was performed to measure gaseous Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs : heptachlor epoxide, ${\alpha}/{\gamma}-chlordane$, trans-nonachlor, endosulfan, ${\gamma}-HCH$ and p, p'-DDE) concentration using PUF high volume sampler from June, 2000 to June, 2002 in the semi-rural atmosphere. Using monitoring data for two years, we tried to investigate the annual cycles of gaseous OCPs. We considered three functions to describe the annual cycle: Gaussian, Lorentzian and sinusoidal functions. These functions accounted for $54{\sim}91%$ of the variability in concentration for each gaseous OCPs, and the sinusoidal function gave the best fits. It was seen that the gaseous OCPs concentration increased during the warmer weather while decreased during colder weather. The variation of the gaseous OCPs concentration was closely similar to the variations of ambient temperature. The annual cycle of endosulfan was strongly higher than in comparison with other gaseous OCPs, while for ${\gamma}-HCH$, the cycle was weakly high and did not show apparent seasonal variation. The position of the annual maximum exists generally late July to early August. The period that showed levels more than a half maximum was from late June to early September.