• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to assess the applicability of ferrate(VI) in the efficient treatment of aqueous waste contaminated with potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) which is known to be a potent endocrine disrupting chemicals. Simulated batch reactor operations were conducted at a wide range of pH (7.0 to 12.0) and molar ratios of KHP to ferrate(VI). Kinetic studies were performed in the degradation process and overall rate constant was found to be 83.40 L/mol/min at pH 8.0. The stoichiometry of ferrate(VI) and KHP was found to be 1:1. Further, lower pH values and higher KHP concentrations were favoured greatly the degradation of KHP by ferrate(VI). Total organic carbon analysis showed that partial mineralization of KHP was achieved. The presence of several background electrolytes were studied in the degradation of KHP by ferrate(VI).

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2008

Biomonitoring of nonylphenol (NP), an endocrine disrupting chemical, is required in Korea to perform its proper regulation. Thus, we analyzed exposure levels of nonlyphenol (NP) in breast milk from the mothers who delivered babies within 10 days (N=325). We analyzed free and total forms of NP in breast milk with LC/MS/MS (LOD, 0.5 ppb). In addition, we obtained questionnaires concerning lifestyle from the subject. As results, ranges of total NP were ${\mu}g/L$ (median, $3.51{\pm}4.98{\mu}g/L$ vs. normal, N=281, $2.07{\pm}3.76{\mu}g/L$; p<0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that exposure monitoring of NP should be continuously performed, even though the risks of NP are not clear, yet.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.361-374
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• 2015

Endocirne disruptors (EDs) can cause fertility decrease, developmental disorder, and even cancer in animals. Until 90's, EDs were used in various synthetic products including paints, coatings, detergents, plastics, and plasticizers. Currently, in several countries, the production, trade and use of EDs or EDs-suspected chemicals have been regulated while activity to screen the alternatives for EDs including bisphenol-A, phthalate and nonylphenol is active. Although various toxicity test method was developed and applied for screening of alternatives, however, the safety of alternatives has been not fully demonstrated. Some alternatives have high structural similarity with existing EDs, raising the possible risk of endocrine disruption by alternatives. In an effort to develop the safe alternatives, we reviewed the effects of EDs such as bisphenol-A, phthalates, nonylphenol and their substituents. In addition, in-silico analysis for endocrine disrupting activities of some alternatives was presented.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.219-225
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• 2007

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC's) are chemicals that either mimic endogenous hormones interfering with pharmacokinetics or act by other mechanisms. Some endocrine disrupters were reported to be chemical substances that cause apoptosis in cells. A number of reports have indicated that 1,3-DCP, one of the EDC's may act as an endocrine disrupter and also has possible carcinogenic effects. 1,3-DCP, present in commercial protein hydrolysates used for human nutrition, are genotoxic and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol induced tumors in rats. In the present study, it was investigated whether 1,3-DCP induces ROS generation and apotosis in A549 adenocarcinoma cells. Here we show that 1,3-DCP inhibits the growth of lung cancer cell lines and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), a major cause of DNA damage and genetic instability, It was investigated that 1,3-DCP increases G1 phase cells after 12 hours, thereafter abruptly draws A549 cells to G0 state after 24 hours by flow cytometric analysis. 1,3-DCP induces p53 and $p21^{Cip1/WAF1}$ activation time- and dose-dependently by 24 hours, while the level $p21^{Cip1/WAF1}$ was decreased after 48 hours. These results suggest that 1,3-DCP, an EDC's generates ROS and regulates genes involved with cell cycle and apoptosis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.338-342
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• 2002

In order to evaluate the effect of Ginseng Radix(GR) against endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDC), cultured mouse osteoblasts were preincubated with various concentrations of GR extract before the exposure of Bisphenol A for 12 hours. Cytotoxic effect of Bisphenol A was measured by the XTT assay. In addition, the protective effect of GR over Bisphenol A-induced cytotoxicity on osteoblasts was assessed by the DNA and protein synthesis in these cultures. The results were as follows : Osteoblastic cell viability was decreased in dose and time dependent manner after exposed to various concentrations of Bisphenol A. Midcytotoxicity value(MCV50) of Bisphenol A was determined at 6μM Bisphenol A after osteoblasts were grown for 12 hours in the media containing various concentrations of Bisphenol A. Amount of DNA synthesis was increased in dose-dependent manner after cultured osteblasts were pretreated with GR for 2hrs before exposure to Bisphenol A for 12 hours. Amount of protein synthesis was increased in dose-dependent manner after cultured osteoblasts were pretreated with GR for 2 hours before exposure of Bisphenol A for 12 hours. From these results, it is suggested that Bisphenol A was highly toxic by the decrease of the cell viability, and GR is effective in the prevention of Bisphenol A-induced cytotoxicity by the increase of DNA and protein syntheses in cultured mouse osteoblasts.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2000

Since the chemical pesticides have been played a major role in crop protection practices during last 5 to 7 decades, social concerns on the pesticide residues in and on food commodities as well as environmental compartments have also growing with endless demands and interests. Most national regulation authorities over the world have paid a special attention on the data requirements for pesticide registration. In addition, even the registered pesticides also should follow the re-registration process, which meets today's guidelines and regulatory triggers and safety profiles. More recently, a defined interest in the international bodies has given to the global conservation program from the environmental contamination; these involves persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDs), biocides, etc.. In order to secure the food safety and keep our circumference sound, in-depth efforts getting information from global networks have perpetually to be given under relevant national agencies. At the same time, a nation-wide survey of the residues has also to be in operation to monitor the tendency of the toxicant in/on foods, feeds, and environmental segments. In final, the scientifically assessed results on safety should be opened to the public to provide the right-to-know for the consumers.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.28
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• pp.16.1-16.8
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• 2013

Objectives Fish vitellogenin (VTG) is produced in the female liver during oogenesis through the estradiol cycle and produced in the male liver by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as alkylphenols. In this study, we propose that the VTG concentration in the pale chub could be detected using monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies against vitellin (Vn) in a VTG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Methods Monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies were produced using the Vn extracted from the matured ovum of the ovary. The VTG was extracted from the plasma of the male pale chub. The Vn and VTG were confirmed by measuring the molecular weight of their proteins using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the specificity of the antibodies was checked through western blotting methods. The assay system was validated with respect to optimal assay concentrations, specificity, recovery, and intra- and inter-assay variations. Results The Vn consisted of two protein bands with apparent molecular weights of 64 and 37 kDa. The SDS-PAGE indicated protein weights of 146 and 77 kDa in the VTG. The assay range was 15.6 ng/mL to 2,000 ng/mL, and the value of the intra- and inter-assay variations were within 10.0% and 14.7%, respectively. The recovery rate was $99.5{\pm}5.5%$. Conclusions A sandwich ELISA was developed that could be used to qualify the VTG of pale chub in screening for EDCs. Pale chub is an ideal species for observing estrogen activity in the environment because of its extensive habitat and extensive food chain. The ELISA developed here would be more favorable than those for other species for determining the effect of long-term food chain accumulation of EDCs in aquatic environments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.499-505
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• 2018

We applied column experiments to investigate the environmental fate and transport of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) in fully saturated conditions of porous media. These column experiments were performed to emphasize oxidation method with $H_2O_2$ concentration and acidic conditions. The mobility of AgNPs was decreased with the increasing ionic strength that the surface charge of AgNPs(zeta potential) was neutralized with the presence of positive ions of $Na^+$. Additionally, it was also affected due to that not only more increased aggregated size of AgNPs and surface charge of quartz sand. The decreased breakthrough curves(BTCs) of bisphenol-A(BPA) and $17{\alpha}$-ethynylestradiol(EE2) were removed approximately 35.3 and 40%. This is due to that endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) were removed with the release of $OH{\cdot}$ radicals by the fenton-like mechanisms from acidic and fenton-like reagent presenting. This results considered that higher input AgNPs with acidic conditions is proved to realistic in-situ oxidation method. Overall, it should be emphasized that a set of column experiments employed with adjusting pH and $H_2O_2$ concentration in proved to be effective method having potential ability of in-situ degradation for removing organic contaminants such as BPA and EE2.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1052-1060
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• 2018

Triclosan (TCS) is a phenolic antimicrobial chemical used in consumer products and medical devices. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo animal studies has linked TCS to numerous health problems, including allergic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disease. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, we here show that short-term TCS treatment ($LC_{50}$: ~0.2 mM) significantly induced mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, TCS-induced mortality was dramatically suppressed by co-treatment with non-ionic surfactants (NISs: e.g., Tween 20, Tween 80, NP-40, and Triton X-100), but not with anionic surfactants (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate). To identify the range of compounds susceptible to NIS inhibition, other structurally related chemical compounds were also examined. Of the compounds tested, only the toxicity of phenolic compounds (bisphenol A and benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) was significantly abrogated by NISs. Mechanistic analyses using TCS revealed that NISs appear to interfere with TCS-mediated mortality by micellar solubilization. Once internalized, the TCS-micelle complex is inefficiently exported in worms lacking PMP-3 (encoding an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter) transmembrane protein, resulting in overt toxicity. Since many EDCs and surfactants are extensively used in commercial products, findings from this study provide valuable insights to devise safer pharmaceutical and nutritional preparations.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution characteristics of persistent organic pollutants in incineration residues at industrial waste incinerators and municipal solid waste incinerators, which were analyzed by the official analytical method for the endocrine disrupting chemicals and the waste. Seven of 12 persistent organic pollutants were quantitatively analyzed by GC-MSD (SIM-mode). Hexachlorobenzene was detected in 21 samples among 44 incineration residues. The level of hexachlorobenzene was 0.132-8.138 ng/g in incineration residues, 0.195-5.765 ng/g in fly ash at industrial waste incinerators, 0.270-1.828 ng/g in bottom ash and 0.154-50.643 ng/g in fly ash at municipal solid waste incinerators, respectively.