• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.274-281
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• 2019

Pistacia chinensis Bunge has not only been used as a medicinal plant to treat various illnesses but its young shoots and leaves have also been used as vegetables. In addition, P. chinensis is used as a rootstock for Pistacia vera (pistachio). Here, the transcriptome of P. chinensis was sequenced to enrich genetic resources and identify secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways using Illumina RNA-seq methods. De novo assembly resulted in 18,524 unigenes with an average length of 873 bp from 19 million RNA-seq reads. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation tool assigned KO (KEGG orthology) numbers to 6,553 (36.2%) unigenes, among which 4,061 unigenes were mapped into 391 different metabolic pathways. For terpenoid backbone and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways, 44 and 22 unigenes encode enzymes corresponding to 30 and 16 entries, respectively. Twenty-two unigenes encode proteins for 16 entries of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. As for the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, 63 and 24 unigenes were homologous to 17 and 14 entry proteins, respectively. Mining of simple sequence repeat identified 2,599 simple sequence repeats from P. chinensis unigenes. The results of the present study provide a valuable resource for in-depth studies on comparative and functional genomics to unravel the underlying mechanisms of the medicinal properties of Pistacia L.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.432-439
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• 2005

$Ca^{2+}$/calmodulin transduction pathways have been implicated in mediating stress response and tolerance in plants. Here, three genes encoding calmodulin (Cam) members of the EF-hand family of $Ca^{2+}$-binding proteins were identified from Oryza sativa L. databases. Complementary DNA for each of the calmodulin genes, OsCam1, OsCam2, and OsCam3 were sequenced. OsCam1 and OsCam2 encode a conventional 148-amino acid calmodulin protein that contains four characteristic $Ca^{2+}$-binding motifs. OsCam3 encode a similar protein with a 38-amino-acid extension containing a putative prenylation site (CVIL) at the carboxyl terminus. RT-PCR showed that each of the genes is expressed in leaves and roots of 2-week old rice seedlings. By RNA gel blot analysis, OsCam1 mRNA levels strongly increased in response to NaCl, mannitol and wounding treatments. In contrast, OsCam2 mRNA levels were relatively unchanged under all conditions investigated. NaCl treatment and wounding also increased the OsCam3 mRNA level, but in a more transient manner. Our results indicate that although the expression of genes encoding different calmodulin isoforms is ubiquitous, they are differentially regulated by various stress signals. In addition, we have demonstrated that the calcium-channel blocker lanthanum chloride inhibited the induction of OsCam1 gene expression by both NaCl and mannitol treatments. These results suggest that osmotic stress induced expression of OsCam1 gene requires the $[Ca^{2+}]_{cyt}$ elevation that is known to occur in response to these stimuli.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 2003

A severe disease of muskmelon (Cucumis melo cv. Alsnight) grown on rockwool in a plastic house was characterized by leaf and stem necrosis followed by death of the plants. In 2001, an isolate of Melon necrotic spot virus-MN (MNSV-MN) of the genus Camovirus was identified as the causal agent of the disease on the basis of biological reactions and nucleotide sequence analyses of coat protein (CP) gene. MNSV-MN induced necrotic local lesions on mechanically inoculated leaves and systemic necrotic spots on the upper leaves of melon cvs. Alsnight, Rui III, Party, Imperial, and Seolhang. However, the inoculated leaves of watermelon and cucumber showed only necrotic lesions. DsRNAs extracted from the melon infected with MNSV-MN were separated into three components. Molecular sizes of the dsRNAs were estimated at approximately 4.5, 1.8, and 1.6 kbp. The amplified cDNA products of CP gene for MNSV-MN by RT-PCR showed approximately 1.2 kbp. The amplified DNA was digested to three fragments by MspI treatment. The cDNA of the genomic RNA of MNSV-MN was cloned and the region deduced to encode the CP was sequenced. The CP coding region, located near 3' end of the genome, consisted of 1,170 nucleotides and had the potential to encode a 390 amino acid protein. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of MNSV-MN CP gene were 84.0-94.6% and 90.8-94.9% identical with other MNSV isolates found in the GeneBank database, respectively. This is the first report on the occurrence of MNSV in Korea.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.28 no.6C
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• pp.634-647
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• 2003

In MPEG-4 FGS (fine granular scalability) video, SE (selective enhancement) function is adopted to enhance the subject quality of the region of interest (ROI). However, it has the problem of excessive bit-rate increase in the enhancement layer. We present a new rectangular region-based SE (RSE) algorithm to significantly reduce the overhead bits resulting from the standard SE. The proposed RSE is based on two new algorithms. The first is to apply the SE function to a rectangular region. By doing so, we can reduce the required bits for describing the selectively enhanced region. The second is to use constrained bit-plane scanning (CBS) to encode bit-planes of the enhancement layer. By using CBS, we can efficiently encode the ALL-ZERO symbols that are generated by applying the SE. It Is shown by simulation that the proposed RSE can provide a good visual quality for the selected rectangular region with significantly reduced overhead bits.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.29-38
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• 1985

In this paper we have designed and implemented in real time a simple, efficient and flexible AOPCM cosec using a high speed digital processor, NEC 7720. For ADPCM system, we have used an instantaneous adaptive quantizer and a first-order fixed predictor. The software for NEC 7720 has been developed and it was found that the NEC 7720 was capable of performing the entire ADPCAt algorithm for 4 channels in real time as optimizing the program. Computer simulation has born made to investigate a computational accuracr of NEC 7720 and to de-termine necessary parameters for a ADPCM codec. Real telephone speech, RC-shaped Gaussian noise and 1004 Hz tone signal were used for simulation. In simulation, the parameters werc optimized from the computed SNR and the informal listening test. The developed software was tested in real time operation using a hardware emulator for NEC 7720. It took a maximum 23.25$\mu$s to encode one sample and 113.5$\mu$s, including all the necessary 1/0 operations, to encode 4 channels. In the case of decoding process, it took 24.75$\mu$s to decode one sample and 119.5$\mu$s to decode 4 channels.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.112-120
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• 2013

In this paper, we propose high-performance H.264/AVC CAVLC encoder for UD video real time processing. Statistical values are obtained in one cycle through the parallel arithmetic and logical operations, using non-zero bit stream which represents zero coefficient or non-zero coefficient. To encode codeword per one cycle, we remove recursive operation in level encoding through parallel comparison for coefficient and escape value. In oder to implement high-speed circuit, proposed CAVLC encoder is designed in two-stage {statical scan, codeword encoding} pipeline. Reducing the encoding table, the arithmetic unit is used to encode non-coefficient and to calculate the codeword. The proposed architecture was simulated in 0.13um standard cell library. The gate count is 33.4Kgates. The architecture can support Ultra Definition Video ($3840{\times}2160$) at 100 frames per second by running at 100MHz.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.85-92
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• 2010

There is an authentication method for participants with an encrypted ID and password as a symmetric-key in multilateral video conferencing. It is hard to manage when the security-keys makes many while the transportation processing for the encryption and decryption get complicated when the video conferencing involves a number of participants and the third party as an attackers to gain unauthorized symmetric-key to access video conference which makes a problem less secrecy. This study suggests three ways to enhance security in video conference: first, we present PKI-based X.509 certificate for authenticating the participants of multilateral conferencing and we suggest to encode and decode the video conference media data using a secrecy key created by each of the conference participants; second, a more secured multilateral video conferencing can be expected in a group communication by using the participants secrecy key in creating and distributing group keys, where the group key will be renewed whenever there is change in the group member; and finally, we suggest to encode the RTP payload of the media data before transmission.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2016.10a
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• pp.401-404
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• 2016

This paper proposes entropy coding method of HEVC CABAC Encoder for efficient hardware architecture. The Binary Arithmetic Encoder requires data dependency at each step, which is difficult to be operated in a fast. Proposed Binary Arithmetic Encoder is designed 4 stage pipeline to quickly process the input value bin. According to bin approach, either MPS or LPS is selected and the binary arithmetic encoding is performed. Critical path caused by repeated operation is reduced by using the LUT and designed as a shift operation which decreases hardware size and not using memory. The proposed Binary Arithmetic Encoder of CABAC is designed using Verilog-HDL and it was implemented in 65nm technology. Its gate count is 3.17k and operating speed is 1.53GHz.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.1587-1592
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• 2023

Time-encoded imagers (TEI) are important class of instruments to search for potential radioactive sources to prevent illicit transportation and trafficking of nuclear materials and other radioactive sources. The energy of the radiation cannot be known in advance due to the type and shielding of source is unknown in practice. However, the response function of the time-encoded imagers is related to the energy of neutrons or gamma-rays. An improved image reconstruction method based on MLEM was proposed to correct for the energy induced response difference. In this method, the count vector versus time was first smoothed. Then, the preset response function was adaptively corrected according to the measured counts. Finally, the smoothed count vector and corrected response were used in MLEM to reconstruct the source distribution. A one-dimensional dual-particle time-encode imager was developed and used to verify the improved method through imaging an Am-Be neutron source. The improvement of this method was demonstrated by the image reconstruction results. For gamma-ray and neutron images, the angular resolution improved by 17.2% and 7.0%; the contrast-to-noise ratio improved by 58.7% and 14.9%; the signal-to-noise ratio improved by 36.3% and 11.7%, respectively.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.337-343
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• 2003

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a signal molecule in the activation of defense responses in plants. In this study, we isolated 15 MeJA-inducible genes by subtractive hybridization. These genes encode two myrosinase-binding proteins, five lipase-like proteins, a polygalacturonase inhibitor, a putative chlorophyll-associated protein, a terpene synthase, a dehydroascorbate reductase, an ascorbate oxidase, a cysteine protease, an O-methyltransferase, and an epithiospecifier protein. Northern analysis showed that most of the Chinese cabbage genes are barely expressed in healthy leaves, but are strongly induced by MeJA treatment. We also examined whether these MeJA-inducible genes were activated by ethethon, BTH, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), a nonhost pathogen of Chinese cabbage. The results showed that none of the MeJA-inducible genes was strongly induced by ethephon or by BTH. The genes encoding lipase-like proteins and a myrosinase-binding protein were weakly induced by Pst. Other MeJA-inducible genes were not activated at all by the pathogen.