• 한국사회복지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국사회복지학회 2004년도 심포지엄 한국 사회안전망의 현황과 대책
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• pp.3-50
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• 2004

${\cdot}$ Recent social policy and labour markets debates in Europe, responding to the difficulties faced by the traditional neo-Keynesian welfare state settlement, stress the value of positive investment alongside de-regulation and greater flexibility as a way of achieving both economic and social goals. ${\cdot}$ Patterns of policy reform are complex and reflect differing national circumstances. A general move towards deregulation, constraints on entitlement to passive benefits, programmes to enhance employment, particularly among high-risk groups such as single parents and young people, targeted subsidies for low earners and casemanagement may be identified. ${\cdot}$ In relation to investment in education, research and development and combined training and benefit programmes to enhance mobility between jobs the picture is less clear. Education standards continue to rise, but research and development spending stagnates and few countries have developed substantial ‘flexi-curity’ programmes to support job mobility. ${\cdot}$ The labour market tradition in much of Europe has been one of conflict between labour and employers. As labour grows weaker, new approaches develop. These tend to stress productivity agreements and greater flexibility in work practices within firms and reforms to passive social security systems more broadly, but movement to support the more challenging investment and flexi-curity policies is slow. ${\cdot}$ In general, social and labour market policies in Europe stress deregulation and negative activation more strongly than social investment and ‘flexi-curity’. The countries with high growth and employment achieve that goal by different routes: Sweden has a closely integrated social democratic corporatism with high spending on benefits and training programmes and the UK a more liberal market-oriented system, with lower spending, highly targeted benefits and less mobility support. ${\cdot}$ Europe has something to learn from Korea in achieving high investment in human capital and R and D, while Korea may have something to learn from Europe in social investment, particularly flexi-curity and equal opportunity policies.

• 산업노동연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.325-350
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• 2011

이 글은 영국의 시간제 근로의 특징과 그 제도적 맥락을 분석하고 있다. 노동시장에 대한 규제와 여성의 노동시장 참여에 대한 지원이 낮은 영국에서는 시장주도의 시간제 활용이 일찍부터 발달했다. 시간제 근로는 영국 취업 여성의 40 퍼센트를 차지할 정도로 특히 기혼 여성들의 주요한 일자리이다. 시장의 역할과 개인의 선택이 강조되는 영국에서 시간제 일자리는 고용주 주도의 시장의 유연성에 기여하는 방식으로, 그리고 여성들이 일과 가족 사이에서 시간제 근로를 통해 여성들 자신의 노동시간을 조정하는 주요 수단으로서 작동했다. 그러나 1997년 이후 영국에서는 제도적 개입을 강화하는 변화가 있었고, 시간제 근로를 기혼 여성을 위한 제한적 일자리로부터 보편적 유연근로로 변화시키려는 법적, 제도적 노력이 있었다. 이러한 변화는 시간제 근로에 대한 불이익은 원칙적으로 시정할 수 있게 되었으나, 여전히 이해당사자들 사이의 집합적 해결방식보다는 개별 근로자와 고용주 사이의 개인화된 해결방식으로 영국이 접근함으로써 여성들의 고용패턴, 그리고 시간제 근로의 질적 성격에 큰 변화는 나타나지 않았다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.59-69
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• 1975

Author studied on various psychiatric nursing problems applying with the test of questionnaire to the 376 nurses who are attending at 13 general hospitals and one mental hospital in Korea from Apr. 1, 1974 to July 30. 1974. The results obtained were ai follows: 1. 13.095 of nonpsychiatric registered nurses wanted the psychiatric service for their most attractive assignment and this was the 3rd in order next to the general surgical and operating room. Among the psychiatric nurses, the popularity toward psychiatric ward was 31. 0% and they were 26.0%at the private general hospitals and 6, 0% in national public hospitals. 2, The feelings or attitudes of disgust and apprehension on nursing care of the patients at-flirted with infectious diseases were the highest responses (38.5%) and these 1.ends were also appeared in 6.9% of psychiatric nurses. 3. 85.5% of nonpsychiatric registered nurses have had received course lectures on psychiatric nursing and nursing care training on the psychiatric ward at their school of nursing. 38.0% of psychiatric nurses had received post graduate psychiatric nursing and they were higher in national public hospitals (27.0% ) than in private general hospitals (11.0%). 4. The responses of satisfaction and security on their employment were almost similar patterns between nonpsychiatric registered nurses and psychiatric nurses. But among the psychiatric nurses. they were more satisfied at private general hospitals (33.0%) than that of national public hospitals (10.0%). 5. Almost the half of the nurses (50.8%) were employed by the hospitals without considering their past educational or clinical experience or career. Among the psychiatric nurses, who were employed by hospitals without considering their past experience or career were 35.0% in national public hospitals and 12.0% in private hospitals. On the contrary, the nurses who were employed by their wishes fore more higher (26.0%) in private general hospitals than national public hospitals (2.0%). 6. The nurses who thought their employment was fit for their aptitude were 48.6% in nonpsychiatric registered nurses and 51.0% in psychiatric nurses. Among the psychiatric nurses, this response was higher in private general hospitals (34.0%) than the national public hospitals (17.0%). 7. Responses on wort loadings of nurses showed almost same patterns between nonpsychiatric registered nurses and psychiatric nurses. But. among the psychiatric nurses who felt much heavier than the nurses of other part were 24.0% in national public hospitals and 8.0% in private general hospitals. 8. 92.6% of nurses felt that the psychiatric nurses should have post graduate training in psychiatric nursing prior to their assignment. 9. 96.0% of nurses agreed to the risk coverage on the payment for the nurses assigned to the psychiatric ward and the ward for infection diseases.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.227-246
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• 1993

본 논문에서는 성에 따른 취업자의 지역별 통근율의 차이와 취업기회의 차이에 대한 분석을 통한 성에 따른 직주분리의 정도와 이에 의한 통근통행행태의 차이가 설명되었다. 분석결과 남성취업자의 경우 직장과 거주지의 위치에 따른 공간적 제약이 이들의 취업과정에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않는 반면 여성취업자의 경우는 직장과 거주지의 위치에 따른 공간적 제약이 이들의 취업과정에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 취업과정에서 나타나는 공간적 제약의 성에 따른 차이는 곧 성에 따른 직주분리의 정도의 차이를 유발하여 여성취업자가 남성취업자에 비하여 상대적으로 직주분리의 정도가 적은 것으로 나타나며 이러한 직주분리의 차이는 다시 이들의 통근통행행태에도 영향을 미친다. 즉 일반적으로 남성통근자는 여성통근자에 비하여 보다 장거리 통근을 하며, 보다 많은 통근비용을 지출하고 또한 상대적으로 고급의 통근수단을 이용하고 있는 것으로 나타난다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2016

Recently, as Korean industrial structure is moving to the service job, the number of workers engaged in the service job is increasing slowly. According to the statistics by Ministry of Employment and Labor announced in June, 2013, the number of service job workers in Korea was 7,477,135 which accounted for 48.4% of total workers. The trend of this service job is expected to increase continuously in the future. According to the 2013 statistics by Ministry of Employment and Labor, the number of industrial accidents victims of industrial accidents in the service job was 30,526 which was the biggest number among the entire businesses. The victims in the service job accounted for 33.2% among the total number of industrial accidents and represented more than those in the manufacture and construction industry. The service job had various works and employment patterns and most service jobs are petty and are small-sized establishments and it is difficult to try voluntarily to prevent the industrial accidents. However, Korean occupational safety and health act was enacted in accordance with the construction and manufacture in which industrial accidents occurred frequently in the past. The support of the government for the industrial accident prevention is focused on the construction and manufacture. Therefore, the current service job is placed on the blind spot of the safety management. Raising the safety awareness of workers through the safety education is the most important in order to prevent the industrial accidents of the service job with many conventional/repeated disasters such as the conduction by a simple mistake. Accordingly, this study analyzed the features and accidents of the domestic service jobs through the literature survey and analyzed the institutional devices for the safety management of the domestic service job, and the safety management cases of foreign service jobs and compared with domestic systems. Considering demands for the basic safety education for service job workers, a questionnaire was conducted targeting the service job workers and the execution plan of the basic safety & health education targeting the service job workers was carried out through the brainstorming of trainers of worker in the service job.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.811-822
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the self-efficacy of dental hygiene students to their stressors and ways of stress-adaptation patterns. Methods : The subjects in this study were dental hygiene juniors in four selected colleges located in the metropolitan area. Results : 1. They got a mean of 3.22 in self-efficacy. They gave the highest mark(3.50) to an item 'I can attain it if I set a primary goal.' 2. They got a mean of 3.18 in stressors. Among the stressors, task assignments(3.74) were identified as the greatest stressor, followed by the curriculum(3.25), learning environments(3.16), prospects of employment (3.07) and test anxiety(2.95). 3. They got a mean of 2.02 in stress-adaptation method. They got 2.31 and 1.72 in long-term and short-term adaptation respectively, which showed that long-term stress adaptation method were more prevailing than short-term ones. 4. As a result of analyzing whether there would be any gaps in self-efficacy according to general characteristics, statistically significant gaps were found in that regard according to experience of preparing for college admission after leaving high school, academic standing, satisfaction with the department of dental hygiene and prospects of employment(p<.05). 5. As a result of checking the relationship of their self-efficacy to their stressors and ways of stress adaptation method, there were statistically significant differences in that aspect according to examinations and prospect of employment(p<0.05). As for ways of stress adaptation method, there were statistically significant differences in long-term adaptation method (p<0.05). Conclusions : As it's found that the level of the self-efficacy of the dental hygiene students was linked to the efficiency of their ways of stress adaptation method, the development and implementation of programs geared toward boosting the self-efficacy of dental hygiene students are required to teach them to successfully cope with various kinds of stress that they are likely to face after getting a job.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.125-139
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• 2017

본 연구는 미얀마의 지역 간 인구이동의 결정요인과 패턴을 분석한다. 인구이동은 경제적 요인과 사회적 요인뿐만 아니라 지역적 특성 등 다양한 요인에 의해 영향을 받는다. 소득과 취업 그리고 사회간접자본과 같은 요소에 의해 영향을 받는다. 따라서 본 연구는 다음의 두 가지 연구문제를 분석하려고 한다. 첫째로, 미얀마의 개혁과 개방으로 농촌에서 도시로의 인구이동이 일어나고 있는 지 분석하려고 한다. 미얀마에서도 다른 개도국들이 경험했던 인구이동의 패턴이 발생하는 지를 검증하려고 한다. 둘째로, 미얀마의 인구이동에 사회간접자본이 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 도로, 전기, 수도 등 기본적 사회간접자본이 인구이동에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 이는 지역 균형 발전을 위한 사회간접자본의 투자 정책 결정에 시사점을 줄 것이다. 분석결과 첫째로, 미얀마의 인구이동 패턴은 다른 개도국이 경험한 것과 같이 농촌에서 도시지역으로의 인구이동이 일어나고 있다. 미얀마의 도시지역인 양곤과 만달레이 지역으로 인구이동이 이루어지고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째로 도로를 비롯한 사회간접자본은 인구를 흡입하는 능력이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째로, 취업기회는 미얀마 인구이동에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 경제개발 초기 단계이지만 해외 자본이 들어오고 있는 상황에서 취업의 기회가 높은 지역으로 인구가 이동하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 해외자본을 통해서 경제개발이 이루어지고 있는 상황에서 해외자본의 유입의 방향과 지역의 발전의 불균형 정도가 결정될 것으로 분석된다.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze the types and meanings of calligraphy presented in modern fashion design. Calligraphy refers to beautiful handwriting or fine penmanship in the West, and handwriting with brushstrokes in the East. The expression patterns being used at present can be divided into three categories. Legible calligraphy is focused on readability more than embellishment. Decorative calligraphy places its importance on decoration at the expense of practicality. The third type, harmonious calligraphy, pursues decorativeness and legibility at the same time. Each of these types of calligraphy is expressed in modern fashion with its own purpose: calligraphy for conveying emotional messages, calligraphy as a special brand image, and calligraphy as an expression of formativeness. The first, calligraphy for conveying emotional messages, is used with characters that are familiar to the public. Calligraphy of this type delivers messages confined emotionally to the conscious world, harmonizing calligraphy with words, or expressing readability filled with purity and delight. Second, calligraphy as a special brand image refers to transmitting a distinctive brand image from other companies through employment of a design motive or pattern by expressing the brand logos or names of designers. Third, calligraphy as a expression of formativeness has the function of shaping expressions as motives or patterns, avoiding meanings of words or phrases. It can be represented by the abbreviation or modification of words, or arranging words in different shapes, harmonizing the words with the clothing construction and atmosphere of the other images.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.655-660
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• 2016

Smoking is accountable for the fatality of a substantial number of persons and increases the likelihood of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Although data have shown high prevalence rates of cigarette smoking in Saudi Arabia, relatively little is known about the broader scope. The objectives of this study were to investigate socio-demographic factors, patterns of use and cessation behavior associated with smoking in Saudi Arabia (KSA). The study utilized a cross-sectional, multi-step design of sampling. Residents (N=1,497; aged 15 years and older) were recruited from seven administrative areas in Southwest Saudi Arabia. A pretested questionnaire was utilized to obtain data on participant cigarette smoking, including their daily use, age, education, income, marital status and employment status. The current study is the first of its kind to gather data cessation behavior of Saudi subjects. With the exception of 1.5% females, all the respondents were male. The majority of the respondents were married, had a university level of education, were employed, and were younger than 34 years old. The same trends were also observed among smokers' samples. The current prevalence of cigarette smoking was 49.2% and 65.7% of smokers had smoking at less than 18 years of age. The mean daily use amongst smokers was 7.98 cigarettes (SD=4.587). More than 50% of the study sample had tried at least once to quit smoking. However, 42% of the smokers participating had never. On the other hand, about 25% of the respondents were willing to consider quitting smoking in the future. Modeling of cigarette smoking suggested that the most significant independent predictors of smoking behavior were geographic area, gender, marital status, education, job and age. Considerable variation in smoking prevalence was noted related with participant sociodemographics. Findings recommend the necessity for control and intervention programs in Saudi community.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2020

Objective: Irregular patterns of marital cohabitation are a common problem in upper Egypt due to employment conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of irregular marital cohabitation on the quality of life and sexual function of infertile men. Methods: In total, 208 infertile men were included and divided into two groups. The first group included 134 infertile men with an irregular pattern of marital cohabitation and the second group included 74 infertile men with a regular pattern of marital cohabitation. All subjects were assessed through a clinical evaluation, conventional semen analysis, the fertility quality of life (FertiQoL) questionnaire, the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score, and the premature ejaculation diagnostic tool (PMEDT). Results: The two groups were compared in terms of conventional semen parameters, FertiQoL, IIEF-5 score, and PMEDT. Infertile men with an irregular pattern of marital cohabitation had significantly lower subscale and total FertiQoL and IIEF-5 scores. Additionally, they had significantly higher PMEDT scores. Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation were more common in them than in infertile men with a regular pattern of marital cohabitation. Conclusion: Irregular patterns of marital cohabitation had an adverse effect on quality of life and sexual function in infertile men.