• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 1984

The object of this study was to examine the sex role attitudes of the housewives(mothers) and daughters in Seoul, and whether mother sex role attitude had influence on her daughter's and the sociodemographic variables of mother had an effect on her daughter sex role attitude or not. Questionnaire was given to randomly selected mothers and daughters in Seoul in sept., 1983. Data from the 384 responses was analyzed by percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, F-test and t-test . It was found that; 1) Generally, the housewives in Seoul had traditional sex role attitudes. 2) the housewives who were educated the high level, paied the higher salary and employed in professional job had the moderner sex role attitudes, age, religion, employed or unemployed were not variables to have influence on the mother sex role attitude. 3) The adolescent daughters in Seoul had moderner sex role attitude than that if their mothers. 4) Mother sex role attitude had influence on the daughter's 5) The daughter sex role attitude was influenced by the mother's sociodemographic variables. The daughter sex role attitude brought up form the mother who was educated the higher level and employed in professional job was modern. But mother's age, religion and employed or unemployed had little influence on the daughter sex role attitude.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 1996

This study investigated social competence, peer contacts, and emotional development in children of lower SES employed mothers. Instruments were Choi's (1992) questionnaire on social competence, Pettit's (1988) questionnaire on peer contacts, and Kang's (1986) and Kim's (1993) questionnaires on emotional development. The data was analyzed by t-test. Social class differences were found in children's social capability, leadership and anxiety, in peer contacts, and in emotional disturbance and aggression.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.33-52
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• 2016

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the trajectory of maternal parenting stress during infancy according to the employment status of mothers when each year's depression was controlled and examine the longitudinal effects of parenting stress on affective parenting and socioemotional developmental outcomes for preschoolers. Methods: Using latent growth modeling, the first 4 waves of panel data collected from 2,078 mothers and their babies were analyzed. This nationwide data was provided from the 2008 Panel Study on Korean Children, conducted by the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. Results: First, maternal parenting stress showed a linear increasing pattern, and there were individual differences in intercept and slope. Second, when each year's maternal depression was controlled, the intercept of parenting stress was lower, but the rate of increase was higher. In multiple group analyses, this increasing pattern of parenting stress was significant only in unemployed mothers. Lastly, the increase of unemployed mothers' parenting stress had direct effects on child emotionality and peer interaction and had an indirect effect on child peer interaction (mediated by affective parenting). Conclusion: The current study verified that the longitudinal effects of increasing parenting stress of unemployed mothers on affective parenting and child socioemotional development when maternal depression level was controlled. These results imply that we need to pay more attention to emotional health and resources of unemployed mothers and provide them with social support as well as employed mothers.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.51-71
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• 2007

Factors considered by mothers when choosing a kindergarten for their child were analyzed by mother's age, education level, and employment status. Questionnaires (Seo, 2002; Kim, 2001; Park, 1997) targeted 636 mothers of kindergarteners from 12 different kindergartens. Results were (1) in order of importance mothers considered : physical environment, tuition, humane environment, educational curriculum and program, and time spent for education. (2) Younger mothers considered the program of the kindergarten of more importance whereas older mothers considered the commuting method, size of kindergarten, and personality and competence of the principal and teachers of more importance. (3) College educated mothers considered curriculum and field trips to be important factors. (4) Employed mothers considered the importance of all day programs and hours of operation.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.119-130
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• 2012

This study attempted to investigate school participation experiences and the need for a school-participation leave for employed parents. A school participation leave is a paid or unpaid leave that guarantees workers to take time-off for school participation regarding children's educational purposes. We reviewed cases of school participation in other countries. There are similar types of educational leave in Russia, Greece, Italia, Sweden, Swaziland, and South Africa. We collected survey data from 1,194 employed parents (794 fathers and 400 mothers) whose children attend kindergarten, elementary, middle, or high-school. This study compares school participation experiences and needs by parent gender. The results showed that 62 % of the fathers and 80 % of the mothers participated in any type of school meetings and events at least once in the previous year. Fathers attended school events such as art festivals and mothers attended PTA meetings, school events, and parent-teacher conferences. The most frequently mentioned reason for non-participation among parents was related to work. A total of 87.7% of the parents agreed that a school-participation leave should be introduced. The results of the logistic regression showed that mothers compared to fathers, college graduates compared to post-secondary graduates, those whose children attended preschool or elementary school compared to high school, and those who had longer working hours were more likely to agree on the introduction of school participation leave. In conclusion, a policy intervention such as school-participation leave should be considered to provide employed parents time to be involved in their children's education and participate in school activities.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.647-659
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of children's elementary school entrance to working conditions of employed mothers. The data from 4th to 8th wave of Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC) were used for analysis. Specifically, we examined changes in wages, working hours and regular employment of employed mothers after their children entered elementary schools. We adopted Heck selection model for unbalanced panel data after controlling sample selection bias, and compare results of analysis for unbalanced and balanced panel data. The results showed that children's elementary school entrance reduces employed mothers' wage, working hours and regular employment. These results indicate that mother tend to leave regular job and could not entry into decent job when their children are in elementary school.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.101-111
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to obtain data on the child care support and job satisfaction of married women employed outside home. The data for this study were collected from a survey of 350 married women employed outside home who were residing in North Cholla Province. Major fimding are summarized in the following. First, many married women were pressured by the burdens child rearing(54.5%) and houshold chores(39.6%). Second, the daycare arrangements for children under age seven were diverse. Just under half of the children were cared for by the employed mother'parents(25.1%), or by the mother's parents-in law(21.1%). The rest were sent to daycare center(40.6%), cared for by a hired helper(7.6%), or sent to an industrial on- site daycare center(1.0%). Third, about half of the married employed mothers(47.5%) wished for an on-site daycare service at their workplace. Fourth, the variables that affected employed mothers job satisfaction were age, job, husband's job type, the income of the mother, the reason of the mother's employment, the degree of husband's houshold labor participation, and the type of social and employer's support for chid care.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.315-323
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to compare mothers' health promotion behaviors between those who have a disabled child and those who have a healthy child. Method: The participants were 243 mothers from 24 Daycare Centers for Children with Disabilities and 310 mothers from 5 child daycare centers. Mothers with preschool children completed self-report questionnaires, asking about health behaviors for preschool children. Data from these surveys was analyzed using the ANOVA, t-test, and $x^2$-test with the SPSS 15.0 Win program. Result: Mothers with disabled children showed less health promotion behaviors than the mothers' of children without disabilities. Two sub-categories, activity-exercise and health perception-health management pattern, showed significant differences between the two groups. In addition, mothers' health behaviors for disabled children were significantly different according to the children's age, mothers' employed status, and number of children in the family. Conclusion: These results suggest that mothers with disabled preschool children are likely to practice less health promotion behaviors with their children compared to others. These findings suggest that health promotion support programs for mothers with disabled children should be developed and offered. For effective intervention, pediatric nurses also need to be involved in the health of disabled children.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.41-55
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• 1999

This study examined the effects of support systems and traditional value beliefs about the role of women on the parenting stress of dual-career mothers. The subjects were 203 employed mothers with one child 4- to 36-months of age. The influential independent variables affecting parenting stress listed in order of significance were satisfaction with child care, value placed on traditional maternal roles, sex of child, and cost of child care. Contrary to the researchers assumptions, social support systems had no effect on parenting stress. The results of this study have implications for formal and informal support systems for employed mothers with young children.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.401-409
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate mothers' beliefs regarding children's literacy development and self-reported home literacy practices with their children. The instrument used for this study measured mothers' beliefs toward the whole language approach against the traditional approaches in children's literacy development. The total number of 340 mothers participated in this study who are sending their children to daycare centers of kindergartens in Seoul and its suburban area. Mean, Standard Deviation, frequency, Spearman's rho, and Kendall's tau were employed to analyze the data. The results showed that mothers' beliefs on the whole language approach have relationships with their home literacy practices, and their demographic characteristics - such as mothers' education, their spouses' education, and income - were also related with mothers' beliefs. The results of this study explore the inter-relationship of mothers' beliefs with home literacy practices, and also the importance of mothers' belief system on children's literacy learning at home.