• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.69-81
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• 1981

This study is designed to find out the role performance problems, especially concerning the difference between the employed wives and housewives. The data were obtained from the questionnaire with 25 items collected form 541 wives-266 employed wives and 275 housewives. The t-test and F-test were applied and the results are as follows: 1. There is no significant difference in their role perception between the employed wives and the housewives. respondents think mother role is the most important and social role the least. 2. Employed wives' self evaluation of role performance level is significantly lower than housewives'. Generally, self evaluation level is very low on every role area, especially mother role. 3. Role performance fulfillment level of employe wives is significantly lower than that of housewives. All the areas of their role are less fulfilled, especially employed wives' mother role.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.53-65
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• 1973

In order to explore the present status of induced abortion, a survey was conducted on 578 married women : 320 employed women, 165 urban and 93 rural housewives, during the period form June, 1972 to september, 1972. The results were as follows: 1. The rates of induced abortion in urban housewives, employed women and rural housewives were 50.3%, 30.3% and 1l.8%, respectively. 2. With regard to the duration of marital life, the rate of induced abortion was higher group of 11-16 and 17-22 years of duration than those of less than 4 years ana more than 23 years. 3. There were significant differences between housewives and the employed women. and also between urban and rural housewives in the rates of induced abortion. 4. The mean number of pregnancies was 4.9 and 4.8 for the rural and urban housewives while for the employed women was 2.1. 5. The mean number of live births was 4.5 and 3.2 for the rural and urban housewives while for the employed women was 2.1. 6. Average number of living children of the women who had experienced induced abortions was 4.8 and 3.1 for the rural and urban housewives while for the employed . women was 2.5. 7. There was a significant correlation between induced abortions and social class or educational level. The higher their level of education or social class, the more frequently women were experienced induced abortions. 8. There was a significant correlation between experience of induced abortions and family planning practice, vis., the women who had experienced induced abortions made more use of family planning practices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.285-295
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare the awareness of dietary patterns and health of full-time and employed housewives. The investigation gathered information on general characteristics, dietary lifestyle, nutritional status, and health by questionnaire as well as anthropometric measurements. The subjects included housewives living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province (86 full-time and 127 working housewives) during November 2009 to January 2010. The average age, height, and weight of the housewives were $45.8{\pm}7.6\;yr$, $161.0{\pm}8.4\;cm$, and $55.7{\pm}6.3\;kg$, respectively. The average monthly income of the households was 3 million to 5 million won (31.4% full-time and 37.0% working housewives), and their average food expense was 200,000 to 500,000 won (46.5% full-time and 48.1% working housewives). More than 90% of the studied homes were nuclear families and the most common number of children was 2 to 3 (79.1% full-time and 76.4% working housewives). The ratio of employed housewives who ate regular meals was 35.4%, but that of the full-time housewives was 48.2% (p<0.05). Of the working housewives, 7.1% never ate breakfast and the primary reason for skipping breakfast was 'busy in the morning' (61.1%). The type of food that the housewives preferred when eating out was Korean food, both for the full-time and employed housewives (76.0%). All the housewives overate calories and the full-time housewives ate more protein, fat, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, and cholesterol than the employed housewives (p<0.05). Both the full-time and employed housewives were more satisfied with supper than with other meals. About 30.6% of the full-time and 33.9% of the working housewives had no interest in health, but answered that regular exercise was very important for health (33.3% full-time and 39.7% working housewives). In conclusion, working housewives have poor dietary habits and nutrient intakes, thus substantial measures to improve these problems are urgently needed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.155-174
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of family strengths and self-esteem on depression among married women who have adolescents in middle and high school of their first child in Korea. To measure of depression using the CESD(the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale), the degree of husewives' depression was relatively higher than that of employed married women. As for the related variables, educational degree, S.E.S(socio-economic status), self-esteem turned out significant in housewives' depression. But, in the case of employed married women, these were not significant. Therefore, we are confirmed that the etiologic model of this study was more proper to housewives than employed married women. Finally, in both cases of housewives and employed married women, the effects of family strengths were mediated or moderated by self-esteem in predicting depression. The results of this study called for the encouraging of married women's self-esteem, the parti ipation of various social programs for housewives, and the programs to strengthening of their family relationships.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2001

This survey was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire in order to investigate the flavor enhancer products questionnaires were used out of 505 collected (collection rate : 84.2%). Most housewives used flavor enhancer products. Housewives with higher educations and employed housewives used significantly less flavor enhancer. The main reason for nonuse of flavor enhancer products was their perceived negative health effects. Housewives mainly used flavor enhancer products in stews and whole dishes. Most housewives used flavor enhancer products 1-2 times per day and housewives with higher educations and employed housewives used flavor enhancer products less frequently. As for the quantity of flavor enhancer products used, most housewives reported small to moderate amounts. Housewives with higher educations used significantly smaller amounts of flavor enhancer products. There was a significant difference in the kinds of flavor enhancer products used by housewives, depending on education level, household income, food expenditures and residence type. Most housewives purchased flavor enhancer products at wholesale marts. There was a significant difference in the places where flavor enhancer products were purchased among those of different education and household income levels. Therefore, these results may be useful in the development of safer and more variously flavored flavor enhancer products.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.215-223
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• 2012

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the consumption behavior of housewives in the Jeonju area with respect to their use of environmentally-friendly agricultural products(EAPs) and to assess the need for EAPs in childcare centers also in the Jeonju area. Self-administered questionnaires were given to and collected from 278 housewives 42.4% of whom employed and 57.6% were unemployed. Statistical data analysis was performed on the data collected using SPSS v. 12.0. The average score of awareness about EAPs was $3.57{\pm}0.56$. The percentage of subjects who purchased EAPS was 76.3% regularly. On this group, 40.3% purchased EAPs 1~2 times in week. Unemployed housewives purchased more than employed housewives by a statistically significant margin(p<0.05). The most-purchased EAPs were vegetables. The average satisfaction score that housewives reported in relation to foodservice provided in childcare centers was $3.66{\pm}0.58$. About 65% of the respondents felt that the EAPs-foodservice in childcare centers was an important factor for them in choosing of a childcare centers. Approximately 42% of the housewives responded that EAPs-foodservice in childcare centers was needed to improve the safety of foodservice provided in chidcare centers. The percentage of subjects who wanted to expand EAPs-foodservice in childcare centers even though the parents would have to bear some of the financial burden was 42.5%. A higher proportion of employed housewives wanted to expand EAPs-foodservice in childcare centers more than unemployed housewives, and this finding was statistically significant(p<0.05).

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.129-142
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• 1990

The purpose of this study were to investigate : 1) Differences of perceived time pressure according to the employment status of housewife. 2) The differences of housework strategy according to the employment status of housewife. 3) The relation between perceived time pressure and housework performance strategy. The subject of this study were 375 women living in Seoul, the age of youngest child is at least school age. They were composed of non employed housewives, employed professional housewives and employed non professional housewives. Survery methods were questionare and interview. Data analysis strategy were percentile, frequency, one-way ANOVA, scheffe test and MCA. The major findings were : 1) Perceived time pressure and two sub areas, psychological time pressure and time pressure according to the part of housework were significantly different according to the employment status of housewife. The independent influence of employment status of housewives was most po erful in regression analysis. 2) Housework performance strategy was different according to the employment status of housewife. The strategies were divisions of housework amon family members, use of convenience goods, services, appliance, paid help, adjustment of housework performance standard, reduction of leisure and sleep time.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.301-313
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of child care and it's costs between the full time housewives and employed wives' families with preschool children. the results of this study were as follows ; 1) The child care was performed primarily by herselves in the case of full time housewives' families, whereas the child care of employed wife families was done by babysitter or nursing facilities. 2) Most of unemployed wives' families undertook the burden of time cost, whereas the families of employed wives had to pay heavy expenses of money cost f9or the child care arrangements 3) In the estimation of money cost for the child care arrangements income had the highest effect. In contrast with this, in the case of time cost, occupational status of housewives had the highest effect. It was suggested for enhancing the sense of well - being of housewife it is necessary to perceive the value of household production and the social support for child care arrangements in all families, whether unemployed or employed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.12 s.202
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• pp.175-190
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• 2004

The purposed of this research was to suggest a basic material of Korean-typed cohousing plan for a dual-income family by examining the difference of cohousing residing environment needs. Selecting Employed and unemployed housewives as this research's subject, the following results were drawn from the analysis between the two groups. 1) The housewives takes responsibility of the household works regardless of whether or not they are employed. Also, more than half of employed housewives stated that the time of nursery facilities was shorter than their needs and that they favored a nursery facility located inside the residential area. 2) The most meaningful difference of cohousing residing environment needs was the demand for sharing household work in terms of cohousing need of the subjects. The desirable cohousing area is the suburbs of the metropolitan areas and the preferable resident organization is need to be organized by people sharing the same goal through an announcement. 3) The need of cohousing and residence intention were generally low, but the employed housewives' need was higher than the unemployed ones.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.7 s.209
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• pp.53-65
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• 2005

We analyzed the dynamics of the family system and the economic well-being by utilizing the socio-demographic objective economic and subjective economic factors of urban employed housewives. The survey was conducted in Seoul and three other major cities. The subjects consisted of employed housewives in these areas who were currently cohabiting with their spouses and had at least one child. The preliminary and main survey questionnaires were distributed between November 12, 2001 and February 27, 2002, and 254 survey questionnaires were collected and analyzed We applied the frequency, average, percentage, Cronbach's $\alpha$, simple regression and multiple regression analysis by using SPSS/PC WIN. The findings were as follows. First, the mean score of the availability of life information was 3.21. Second, when the stability of husband occupation increased, the dynamics of family system worked very well. Third, the dynamics of family system didn't have any influence on the economic well-being.