• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 1994

With the recent development of sleep medicine, insomnia has been perceived as a disease from a simple symptom. As there are various causes in a disease, proper treatment according to each cause is necessary for a more effective treatment In general, insomnia is classified into five categrories of physical, physiological, psychological, psychiatric and pharmacological aspects. However, such categorizations are often insufficient in treating insomnia. Furthermore understanding of the developmental mechanisms of insomnia is required. The function of sleep is developed and maintained through the balance of the reciprocal forces of sleep and arousal. These forces are contantly regulated by what is called a circadian rhythm. Sleep is induced by this rhythm which is affected by factors such as awakening time in the morning, amount of intellectual function, amount and time length of physical exercise and sunlight Insomnia could develop when this rhythm is delayed and leads to a "forbidden zone" which is a very difficult period for inducing sleep about two to four hours before the routine bedtime. Whereas sleep gradually develops in line with the circardian rhythm, arousal can occur very abruptly by any cause triggered by emotional discomfort or anxiety. Such characteristic and emotional factors as perfectionism, separation anxiety, secondary gain, insecurity, and negative cognition may provoke the inner anxiety and fear for insomnia, which can lead acute insomnia to a chronic one. As chronic insomnia is developed by multiple causes and factors, integrated approaches through analysis of above mentioned factors will be more effective in the treatment of insomnia than a simple administration of hypnotics.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.291-304
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to explore the health and illness concepts of hospitalized preschoolers. The subjects were 52 hospitalized preschoolers from 3 to 6 grade in one general hospital. Data were collected through semistructured interviews by author. this study was conducted from Mar 2, 2000 to Jun. 30, 2000. Data were coded and categorized by content analysis. The results were as follows : 1. Hospitalized preschoolers's answers about health concepts were coded and then classificated to 7 categories(physical well-being, food, powerfulness, exercise, obedience to authority, cleanliness, sleep.) 2. Hospitalized preschoolers's answers about health behavior to maintenance health were coded and then classificated to 8 categories (food, obedience to authority, treatment, exercise, cleanliness, powerfulness, sleep, psychological stability). 3. Hospitalized preschoolers's answers about prevention of illness were coded and then classificated to 9 categories(food, treatment, obedience to authority, powerfulness, emotional stability, psychological stability, exercise, physical well-being, ability of social adaption). 4. Hospitalized preschoolers's answers about cause of illness were coded and then classificated to 3 categories(illness, trauma, food). 5. Hospitalized preschoolers's answers about treatments of illness were coded and then classificated to 9 categories(treatment, rest, emotional stability, sleep, psychological stability, food, obedience, exercise, powerfulness). 6. The levels of health and illness concepts in this sample were higher than those of the physical causality.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of Emotion Freedom Techniques (EFT) group treatment program for Hwa-byung patients. Methods: Thirteen Hwa-byung patients have participated in the four weeks program of EFT group treatment and the program was executed once a week, for about one hour. After every session, the participants performed EFT by themselves in order to control their symptoms. Four weeks after the program ended, we interviewed the participants by using the semi-structured interview method to observe changes of Hwa-byung. All the data collected was summarized through the qualitative analysis method. Results: Results showed effects of the EFT group treatment program, with regards to the physical, cognitive and emotional aspects. Most of the participants experienced reliefs of Hwa-byung symptoms like chest tightness, hot flashes, insomnia and so on. Their ability to cope with stress improved and their re-experiences of past memories decreased. And their distorted self-images were also restored. Lastly, there was a decrease in negative emotions and an increase in positive emotions experienced by the participants. The participants could control their symptoms by performing self-enforcement. In addition, regarding the form of group therapy, the treatment was effective as it helped the participants to feel solidarity and social support. Conclusions: The EFT group treatment program can relieve the physical, cognitive and emotional symptoms of Hwa-byung. This program can be applied to the psychotherapy of Hwa-byung.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.24
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• pp.10871-10874
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• 2015

Background: Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a malignant disease which occurs in women of reproductive age. Treatment of GTN has an excellent outcome and further pregnancies can be expected. However, data concerning quality of life in these cancer survivor patients are limited. This study aimed to assess quality of life in women who were diagnosed with GTN and remission after treatment, and to determine factors that may affect quality of life status. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted from July 2013 to May 2014 in the Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Clinic, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Patients who were diagnosed GTN and complete remission were recruited. Data collection was accomplished by interview with two sets of questionnaires, one general covering demographic data and the other focusing on quality of life, the fourth version of Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-G). Descriptive statistics were used to determine general data and quality of life scores. Students t-test and one way ANOVA were used to compare between categorical and continuous data. Results: Forty four patients were enrolled in this study. The overall mean quality of life score (FACT-G) was 98.2. The overall FACT-G score was not significantly correlated with age, education level, stage of disease, treatment modalities, and time interval from remission to enrollment. However, patients who needed further fertility showed significant lower FACT-G scores in the emotional well-being domain (p=0.02). Conclusions: Overall quality of life scores in post-treatment gestational trophoblastic neoplasia patients are in the mild impairment range. Patients who desire fertility suffer lower quality of life in the emotional well-being domain.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2012

Objectives : Demands for comprehensive and intensive treatment programs for treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who suffer from serious impairment in various psychosocial areas are increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of developing new types of camp programs focused on improving social adjustment of children and helping parents effectively manage their children's problem behaviors. Methods : Fifteen children diagnosed as ADHD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (mean age 9.5 years) and their parents participated in this program. Eight consecutive camps were held at two-week intervals, from Jun 2007 to Oct 2007 in an adolescent training center located at Chungtaesan, in Korea. Each camp program included social skills training in the classroom and outdoor activities in the forest for children, as well as parent training for mothers. In addition, after the sixth camp, we conducted one parental session for fathers and a three-day booster family camp three months later. Finally, eleven families adhered to the program. Results : All children, parents, and therapists rated questionnaires or checklists at baseline, intra-, and post-treatment. Parenting burden rated using the Parenting Stress Index showed a significant decrease, from 57.89 to 46.22 (p=.019). And, overprotection rated using the Parenting Bonding Instrument showed a significant decrease, from 16.56 to 12.44 (p=.046). However, no significant improvement in children's behavioral and emotional problems was observed. Conclusion : In this study, the consecutive ADHD family camp program was effective for empowerment of parental competency, but not for general improvement of children's behavioral and emotional symptoms.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2022

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate depression, anxiety, trauma experience, and suicidal tendency among patients who were hospitalized in a community treatment center and to identify the factors that were associated with each symptom. Methods : A total of 213 patients who were hospitalized in the Tae-reung community treatment center between March 16, 2020 and April 30, 2020 were recruited into this study. A self-report questionnaire or interview by mental health professionals was used to assess PHQ-2, GAD-7, PC-PTSC and P4 screener. In 90 patients who completed the survey, multiple regression modeling was conducted to identify the burden of each psychiatric symptoms and associated demographic characteristics. Results : Female gender was significantly positively associated with GAD-7 score, score of each GAD-7 subscale of 1, 2, 3 or 4 (nervous, control of worry, worry, and trouble relaxing), and sum of GAD-7 subscale scores reflecting cognitive and emotional experience of anxiety (1. nervous+2. control of worry+3. worry+7. afraid). Previous psychiatric history and, number of counseling service used were significantly positively associated with the PHQ-2 score and the duration of isolation was significantly negatively associated with the PHQ-2 score. Conclusion : These results showed that depression and anxiety symptoms were more prevalent in COVID-19 patients at the community treatment center than in the general population. Among the demographic characteristics, female gender was positively associated with cognitive and emotional experience of anxiety. It shows the necessity of an appropriate psychiatric intervention protocol and health-policy preparation for community treatment centers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.9753-9757
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• 2014

Purpose: To study the quality of life and to identify associated factors among breast cancer patients undergoing treatment in national cancer centers in Nepal. Materials and Methods: One hundred breast cancer patients were selected and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer EORTC-QLQ-C30 and EORTC-QLQ-BR23 were used to assess quality of life and modified Medical Outcome Study -Social Support survey(mMOS-SS) was used to assess social support. Only multi-item scales of EORTC C30 and BR23 were analyzed for relationships. Independent sample T-tests and ANOVA were applied to analyze differences in mean scores. Results: The score of global health status/quality of life (GHS/GQoL) was marginally above average (mean=52.8). The worst performed scales in C-30 were emotional and social function while best performed scales were physical and role function. In BR-23, most of the patients fell into the problematic group regarding sexual function and enjoyment. Almost 90% had financial difficulties. Symptom scales did not demonstrate many problems. Older individuals, patients with stage I breast cancer and thosewith good social support were found to have good GHS/GQoL. Of all the influencing factors, social support was established to have strong statistical associations with most of the functional scales: GHS/GQoL (0.003), emotional function (<0.001), cognitive function (0.020), social function (<0.001) and body image function (0.011). Body image was significantly associated with most of the influencing factors: monthly family income (0.003), type of treatment (<0.001), type of surgery (<0.001), stage of cancer (0.017) and social support (0.011). Conclusions: Strategies to improve social support of the patients undergoing treatment should be given priority and financial difficulties faced by breast cancer patients should be well addressed from a policy making level by initiating health financing system.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.484-491
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of the intergenerational horticultural activity program on the improvement of emotion and self-esteem for the elderly and young children. When the pre- and post-treatments of the elderly was compared, both the control and treatment didn't show a significant difference in emotion. In self-esteem of the elderly the control didn't show a significant difference; on the contrary, treatment showed a highly significant difference ($p$<0.01). When a comparison was made on the pre- and post-treatment of young children, the control didn't show a significant difference in emotional intelligence; on the contrary, treatment showed a highly significant difference ($p$<0.001). In self-esteem of young children both the control and the treatment didn't show a significant difference. The results suggest that intergenerational horticultural activity program can improve young children's emotional intelligence and the elderly's self-esteem.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.589-592
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• 2006

Atopic dermatitis is estimated to affect 15-20% of the childhood population and there id considerable evidence that the prevalence is increasing. But it is frequently under diagnosed and inappropriately treated yet. Atopic dermatitis can have a large social;. emotional and financial effect on the child and their family. Atopic dermatitis also commonly predated the development of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Therefore early diagnosis and proper treatment are the key for control the atopic dermatitis itself and modify the future repiratory allergies. This review will cover the new diagnostic criteria and treatment briefly.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-88
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• 1997

Conversion disorder is a psychologically produced alteration or loss of physical functioning suggestive of a physical disorder. Conversion symptoms are often superimposed on organic disease and can be overlooked. Psychological techniques are central to the management include the following: avoiding confrontation with the patients; avoiding reinforcement or trivializing the symptoms; reviewing results of tests and exams and creating an expectation of recovery; educating the patient before a treatment is begun; evaluating the patient's emotional adjustment and considering it at a treatment; using caution in labeling the condition; considering referral for psychotherapy; establishing particularly a treatment plan and making a definite treatment program; adjusting patient' s environment; letting participate a family at appropriate time; developing a reinforcement program for a treatment of chronic symptoms; developing a home program for outpatients. Use behavior therapy reinforcement may be helpful with more chronic or resistant symptoms, especially when there is a history of vague or excessive somatic complaints or significant secondary gain.