• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.16-25
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 RORO선을 이용한 연안운송에 따른 CO₂가스 배출량과 NOx가스 배출량의 삭감 효과에 대하여 고찰한다. 먼저 국내 CO₂가스 배출량과 수출입 컨테이너화물의 물동량에 대하여 고찰한다. 다음에 RORO선의 특성, CO₂가스 배출량 기준과 NOx가스 배출량 기준에 대하여 고찰한다. 또한 경인지역과 부산항 사이의 수출입 컨테이너 화물의 운송에 있어서 도로운송을 연안운송으로 전환한 경우의 CO₂가스 배출량과 NOx가스 배출량 삭감 효과에 대하여 계산한다. 마지막으로 RORO선의 적재율과 연안운송 분담율 변화에 따른 CO₂가스 배출량과 NOx가스 배출량 변화에 대하여 조사한다. 본 논문의 결과를 통하여 수출입컨테이너 화물의 운송을 도로운송으로부터 RORO선을 이용한 연안운송으로 전환하는 것이 CO₂가스 배출량 삭감에는 효과적이나 NOx가스 배출량 삭감에는 큰 효과가 없는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.237-242
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• 2019

Ammonia is main precursor gas of secondary particulate matter and contributes almost 78% of total ammonia emission from the agricultural sector in Korea. The current method of estimating ammonia emission from fertilizer application, which contributes 7% of the total emission, has high uncertainty and needs to be improved to better predict PM2.5 concentration. In this study, we suggest an improvement method for ammonia emission quantification from fertilizer application. The first improvement was in the emission factor of NPK fertilizer by conducting a field study to verify the currently used factor. The improved NPK emission factor of 52.2 kg NH ton-1N was confirmed by comparing with the value from the EEA (European Environment Agency) and adjusting the value for the Korean climate and soil conditions. We also improved the amount of fertilizer usage by including the sales amount to the fertilizer supply amount of the Korean Farmers Association, increasing total fertilizer usage by 39.8%. As the statistical data on fertilizer supply and sales are compiled yearly, we estimated monthly emission of ammonia by considering cultivated areas and timing of fertilization for each crop. In summary, we suggest a novel and practical method to improve estimation methodology of ammonia emission from the field of fertilizer application: 1) emission factor of NPK fertilizer was reconfirmed; 2) total amount of fertilizer use was revised considering fertilizer sales; and 3) monthly emission of ammonia was realized by considering different crop practices. A bottom-up approach to compile activity data is needed to increase the estimation accuracy of monthly emission of ammonia, which is very helpful for predicting PM2.5 concentration.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.255-264
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• 2012

The present study attempts to understand the emission pattern of greenhouse gases in people's daily life through the estimation and analysis of the amount and characteristics of the greenhouse gases. Based on the survey of 1,000 people throughout the nation, monthly emission of greenhouse gases per-capita was estimated from their use of fuels, electricity, water, and personal and public transportation means in addition to their waste generation. In the case of personal car drivers, greenhouse gas emission was the greatest from their cars, followed by the emission from electricity, fuels, and public transportation. Emission from water consumption and waste generation was relatively low. Fuel consumption varied depending on the number of household members, their housing type, and the size of their living spaces. Results showed that single-person households emitted the largest amount of per-capita greenhouse gas while greenhouse gas emission from electricity was inversely proportional to the number of persons in a given household.

• 에너지공학
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.36-40
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• 2018

Climate change is one of the major issues in both the developed and developing world. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is one of the implications for climate change. It is increasing rapidly. Although the emission is much less when compared to the rest of the world, Ethiopia has also faced this global issue. The major source for GHG emission in Ethiopia is agriculture. Therefore, the agriculture sector has to be given more attention in Ethiopia. To overcome the problem, Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) strategy has been initiated. One way of executing this target is to create a sustainable and environmentally friendly pathway to use agricultural byproducts. Sugarcane is one of the major plants in Ethiopia. Its byproducts are bagasse, molasses, and press mud. Since it is a waste product, it is economical and creates a sustainable and green environment by reducing GHG emissions. Sugarcane byproducts have versatile applications like as fuel, as cement replacing material, as a mitigation for expansive soils, as biosorbent for the treatment of water and wastewater and also as a wood material. However, Ethiopia has not used this byproduct massively as it is readily available. This paper reviews the possible applications of sugarcane byproducts to mitigate climate change.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2015

In 2014, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) agreed to submit the Intended Nationality Determined Contributions (INDCs) at the conference of parties held in Lima, Peru. Then, the South Korean government submitted the INDCs including GHGs reduction target and reduction potential on July, 2015. The goal of this study is to predict GHGs emission and to analyze reduction potential in agricultural sector of Korea. Activity data to estimate GHGs emission was forecast by Korea Agricultural Simulation Model (KASMO) of Korea Rural Economic Institute and estimate methodology was taken by the IPCC and guideline for MRV (Measurement, Reporting and Verification) of national greenhouse gases statistics of Korea. The predicted GHGs emission of agricultural sectors from 2021 to 2030 tended to decrease due to decline in crop production and its gap was less after 2025. Increasing livestock numbers such as sheep, horses, swine, and ducks did not show signigicant impact the total GHGs emission. On a analysis of the reduction potential, GHGs emission was expected to reduce $253Gg\;CO_{2-eq}$. by 2030 with increase of mid-season water drainage area up to 95% of total rice cultivation area. The GHGs reduction potential with intermittent drainage technology applied to 10% of the tatal paddy field area, mid-drainage and no organic matter would be $92Gg\;CO_{2-eq}$. by 2030.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.350-355
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• 2013

본 연구는 음료용 자동판매기의 냉매인 HFC-134a의 사용 및 폐기단계 탈루배출특성을 파악코자 하는데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 국내 제품인 음료용 폐자동판매기 47대의 HFC-134a 냉매를 상업용 냉매 회수기를 사용 회수하였고, 잔류량을 측정하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 사용단계 탈루배출모델은 1차 동역학에 기초한 것으로 탈루율은 잔류 냉매 압력 즉 잔류량에 비례한다는 가정을 도입 적용하였다. 음료용 폐자동판매기의 배출시점에서의 잔류량과 사용기간 정보를 활용하여 탈루배출계수를 간접적으로 $6.9{\pm}0.7$ %/yr으로 결정하였고 이는 1대당 연간 11.6 g의 HFC-134a가 배출되는 것에 해당된다. 한편 음료용 폐자동판매기 냉매 평균 잔류율은 $62.5{\pm}2.2%$이었으며, 이는 1대당 잠재 탈루량을 144.8 g으로 결정할 수 있다. 음료용 자동판매기에서 회수한 폐냉매 성분 분석 결과가 신냉매와 거의 유사하여 폐냉매의 재사용이 가능할 것으로 여겨진다. 그러나 냉매회수 과정에서 압축기 오일이 30% 정도 포함되기 때문에 냉매 재사용을 위해서는 오일 분리가 필요하다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.6-11
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• 2000

Electron emission from the Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 ferroelectrics by pulsed electric field has been investigated as a function of Zr/Ti ratios such as 35/65, 50/50 and 65/35 below 250kV/cm. Electrons were emitted regardless of the applied field polarity to the rear electrode. When the negative field was applied to the rear electrode, the electron emission charge was more stable. It was proved that the electrons were emitted at the edge of the upper electrode. The emission charge increased in order of 65/35>50/50>35/65. The electron emission characteristics were dependent on the ferroelectric properties such as polarization and coercive field. The emission charge and emission threshold field were affected by the polarization change and the coercive field, respectively. This result explains that the electron emission is a field emission with polarization induced surface potential by a modified Fowler-Nordheim plot of emission charge.

• 농촌계획
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2021

Ammonia emission from the agricultural sector contributes almost 78% of total ammonia emission in Korea. The current ammonia emission estimation method from fertilizer application has high uncertainty and needs to be improved. In this study, we propose an improvement method for estimating the amount of ammonia emission from agricultural land with improved spatiotemporal resolution using Farm Manager Registration Information System and criteria for the fertilizer. We calculated ammonia emissions by utilizing the 2020 cultivation area provided by Farm Manager Registration Information System for 55 kinds of upland crops cultivated in the field area of the farmland. As a result, soybeans were the most cultivated field crop in 2020, and the area of cultivated land was surveyed at about 77,021 ha, followed by sweet potatoes 22,057 ha, garlic 20004 ha, potatoes 17,512 ha, and corn 16,636 ha. The month with the highest ammonia emissions throughout the year was calculated by emitting 590.01 ton yr-1 in May, followed by 486.55 ton yr-1 in March. Hallim-eup in Jeju showed the highest ammonia emission at 117.50 ton yr-1.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.720-730
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• 2016

Greenhouse-gas emission factors are widely used to estimate emissions arising from a defined unit of a specific activity. Such estimates are used both for international reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and for myriad national and sub-national reporting purposes (for example, European Union Emissions Trading Scheme; EU ETS). As with the other so-called 'Kyoto protocol GHGs', the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a methodology for national and sub-national estimation of $N_2O$ emissions, based on the sector from which the emissions arise. The objective of this study was to develop a integrated emission factor to estimate the direct $N_2O$ emission from an agricultural field cultivated with the red pepper, soy bean, spring cabbage, autumn cabbage and potato in 2010~2012. Emission factor of $N_2O$ calculated using accumulated $N_2O$ emission, N fertilization rate, and background $N_2O$ emission over three year experiment was $0.00596{\pm}0.001337kg$ $N_2O-N(N\;kg)^{-1}$. More extensive studies need to be conducted to develop $N_2O$ emission factors for other upland crops in the various regions of Korea because $N_2O$ emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties, and agricultural practices.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.177-186
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• 2017

In this research, we have developed standardized procedures for preparing of emission inventories on military sector. The procedures are as follows; 1) Identify all relevant emission sources list of military sector in Republic of Korea. 2) Select methods to estimate GHGs emissions by source categories such as heating boilers, tactical vehicles, military vessels and military aviation from US EPA, IPCC, EEA/EMEP, and ROK Ministry of Environment. 3) Identify and select data sources for activities and parameters from Korea annual oil statistics and Korea Procurement system. 4) Compare with each GHGs emission used by each activities. The conclusive results utilized by emission source categories and associated factors are described as follows; In 2013, GHGs was estimated 2,656 kilotons $CO_2-eq$ emitted by military sector. The diesel combustion contributed from a minimum of 43.8% to a maximum of 50.2% and JP-8 contributed from a minimum of 43.7% to a maximum of 52.8% to the 2001~2015 GHGs emission trend. In the result of comparing GHGs emissions with Korea Annual Oil Statistics (Tier 1) and supplied fuel through the Korea Procurement System (Tier 2) in 2015, the total GHGs emission was 2,867 kilotons $CO_2-eq$ estimated by Tier 2 is similar to the emission estimated by Tier 1. However, this reveals that the GHGs emission separated by local areas were a lot of different from Tier 1 and 2. The cause of difference between Tier 1 and Tier 2 was that Korea annual oil statistics utilized data from a fuel supplier. The data does not reflect the reality of the location of end user.