• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2019

When a fire occurs in a road tunnel, it is likely to develop into a major disaster because of its sealed structural characteristics. Because of this, a range of disaster prevention facilities should be installed, and they should show their appropriate functions in fire prevention and response. In addition, the installation of essential disaster prevention facilities is missing due to the lack of considering an extension of continuous tunnels and soundproof tunnels. For these reasons, it was judged that an amendment to the law would be necessary. Therefore, this paper reviewed the changes in domestic laws related to the disaster prevention facilities of road tunnels, and the results of the study on the parts that need to be revised in the fire-related laws through a comparative analysis between laws are as follows. First, consecutive tunnels should consider the sum of the extensions of the individual tunnels and ensure that the soundproof tunnels are included in the category of tunnels in the law. In this way, the necessary disaster prevention facilities should be installed. Second, it is necessary to secure a legal justification for installing disaster prevention facilities in tunnels. Therefore, it is essential that water mist fire extinguishing system facilities, emergency broadcasting facilities, and leading lights, which are excluded from installation in tunnels, are specified in the Fire-related laws. Third, to specify in the law that air respirators must be provided in the tunnel is necessary from the viewpoint of the field response. Accordingly, it will make a great contribution to the fire-fighting activities and the life-saving efforts by fire-fighters.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.285-307
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• 2022

This study examines the policies currently announced in the "3rd Comprehensive Library Development Plan" in relation to the discovery of individuals' potential in libraries and analyzes the current status of the tasks promoted and executed by central administrative agencies and municipal and provincial libraries based on these policies. Based on the analysis results, this study presents the methods for libraries to play their role in discovering the potential of individuals in the future. According to the results of this study, due to the poor performance of libraries resulting from reduced in-person events because of library closures and the promotion of non-contact services such as humanities classes and cultural programs in response to COVID-19, it is necessary to establish systems to support emergency management and non-contact programs in response to COVID-19, as well as increase the budget for extending reading culture projects for underprivileged regions and people. In addition, it is necessary to discover quality long-term, non-contact programs, provide infrastructure for non-contact program operation, and develop guidelines. Second, it is observed that communication- and discussion-type social reading programs need to be promptly converted into and operated as online classes. Third, the study results confirm that it is necessary to prepare measures to reinforce external cooperation, such as improving the convenience of and accessibility to information use for users, conducting seminars between domestic and foreign councils, promoting one-stop data sharing systems, executing data digitalization, expanding library infrastructure in preparation for the post-COVID-19 era, and promoting public relations activities.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2017

Social attention to information security field is inspired, and manpower demand forecast of this area is getting high. This study surveyed information security knowledge of practitioners who work in a field of information security such as computer and network system. We analyzed a connection between survey data, information protection job system that was suggested by NICE, IT skills that NCS and KISA classified and security field classification system. Base on data that analyzed, this study suggests a curriculum that trains professional manpower who perform duties in the field of information security. Suggested curriculum can be applied to 2 year college, 3 year college and 4 year college. Suggested curriculum provides courses that students who want to work in a field of information security must learn during the college. Suggested courses are closely connected to a related field and detailed guideline is indicated to each course to educate. Suggested curriculum is required, and it combines a theoretical education that become basis and a practical education so that it is not weighted to learn theory and is not only focusing on learning simple commands. This curriculum is established to educate students countermeasures of hacking and security defend that based on scenario that connected to executive ability. This curriculum helps to achieve certificates related to a field more than paper qualification. Also, we expect this curriculum helps to train convergent information security manpower for next generation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 2002

The Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) has lots of advantages such as load leveling, quick response emergency power (spinning reserve), frequency and voltage control, improvement of reliability, and deferred generation and transmission construction. However, it is very critical that economic feasibility requires justification from the customer side of meter to promoting the dissemination of BESS in nation widely. In this paper, we proposed the economic assessment model of customer owned BESS which is complemented and improved the existing model. The proposed model is applied to the typical customer types, i.e. light industrial, commercial, and residential, which are taken from the statistical analysis on the load profile survey of Korea Electric Power COmpany (KEPCO). The economic viability performed for each customer load type to justifying their economic feasibility of BESS installation from the economic measures such as payback period, Net Present Worth (NPW), Rate Of Return (ROR). The results show that the BESS has economic benefits to the specific customer type, i.e. residential customer. Therefore, the government and the energy agency should be committing the support program, such as tax incentive, financial support, to disseminate the BESS nation widely. The results of this paper are useful to the customer investment decision-making and the national energy policy & strategy in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 2009

This study tries to give improvement directions of the law of oil spill focusing on the view that satisfying remuneration for victims should be considered. And it looks through the existing remuneration system provided by P&I Club and IOPC Fund. It also covers with issues related to remuneration in order to find the best for victims. The major contents of this study are as follows. First, the present law of compensation security to Marine oil pollution accident should be revised. Maximum value of remuneration needs to be raised and subjects liable to pay reparation need to be expanded. Second, in case the damage is widely different comparing to similar cases in foreign countries, it's hard to get complete remuneration from international corporations responsible for reparation. That's the reason the national emergency system for oil pollution must be established. Third, this study says the law that certainly defines a liability subject and that the liability is not necessarily caused by fault should be enacted. Last, it suggest that victims should have their object income data to facilitate establishment of the law of compensation for damages from marine oil pollution. To calculate proper remuneration, government should consider to choose one of public organizations as an investigator to damages and should collect accurate statistics relating to fishery. Furthermore, compensation system which can provide rapid reparation to victims needs to established by founding professional maritime organization of arbitration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.7 no.1 s.18
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

A Multi-distinction Equipment Screening Algorithm (MESA) is proposed. It selectively integrates Dow's F&EI as its process hazard index technique and ESA (Equipment Screening Algorithm) as qualitative hazard classification technique, and retrieves a detailed list of hazardous equipments with the total hazard indices of those equipments. The inherent expert system, which includes the accident scenarios of the equipments and processes and experts' views of them, narrows further down the list of hazardous equipments and recommends only the most notable candidates. Through the case study of distinguishing the hazardous ranking of the equipments of the LPG underground storage process, using the expert system or not, the applicability of MESA has been validated. Taking the characteristics of the process equipments with hazardous ranking in the point of process intrinsic safety, this proposed algorithm would contribute to providing engineers or managers with information on constructing safely devices and mitigation devices and on scheduling emergency response planning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

Purpose : this study purposed to investigate school nursing phenomena in Korea by applying ICNP, the international standard nursing classification system developed by ICN, and to compare school nursing phenomena at elementary, middle and high schools. Method : The subjects of this study are 110 nursing teachers from 82 elementary schools, 16 middle schools, and 12 high schools. In the survey, subjects were asked to score the degree to which phenomena and characteristics of Korean school nursing, identified in previous research, on a 5 point scale. Questionnaires were distributed and recovered by mail and email. The period of data collection was 6 months from July to December 2003. The general characteristics of schools and nursing teachers were represented with frequencies and percentages, the phenomena and characteristics of school nursing with the mean score of the questions, and the phenomena school nursing by school grade with ANOVA and Duncan's posterior analysis. Results : 1) As for the characteristics of schools according to school nursing phenomena related to human behavior, the mean score of questions on inadequate stress management was highest at 3.24 points followed by the score on inadequate weight control (3.23), inadequate eating habits (3.22), the risk of spine disorders (2.68), inadequate emergency management (2.62), inadequate response to sex -related problems (2.19), and smoking and drug use (1.85). 2) As for the characteristics of schools according to school nursing phenomena related to human function, the mean score of questions on oral health management was highest at 3.11 points followed by the score on the risk of digestive system disorder (2.87), improper eyesight management (2.81), the risk of respiratory system disorders (2.75), lack of sexual identity (2.52), and inadequate contagious disease control (2.12). 3) As for the mean score according to school nursing phenomena related to environment, the score of the risk of accidents in classroom was highest as 2.68 points followed by the score of the risk of accidents around the school (2.65), maladjustment to school (2.62), the risk of accidents outside the classroom (2.43), inadequate learning environment (1.83), the risk of exposure to socially and physically harmful environment factors (1.82), and inadequate waste disposal (1.77). 4) This study tested the mean scores of questions corresponding to each school nursing phenomenon in order to see if there is a difference in the school nursing phenomenon among elementary, middle and high schools, and performed Duncan's posterior comparison for school nursing phenomena. A significant difference was found at p<.1. According to the results, school nursing phenomena found to be significantly different among elementary, middle and high schools was smoking and drug use (p<.05), which appeared more problematic in high school than in elementary school. phenomena such as inadequate eating habits, inadequate weight control, inadequate response to sex-related problems and inadequate waste disposal were also found to be statistically different at p<.1; however, according to the result of Duncan's posterior comparison, no difference was found among groups in improper eating habits and improper response to sex-related problems, and a significant difference was found between middle and high schools in inadequate weight control and inadequate waste disposal. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to plan school health projects focused on the characteristic school nursing phenomena that had high scores and to develop and execute school healthe projects in accordance with the characteristics of elementary, middle and high schools. Considering that the scores of school nursing phenomena related to human behavior are high, it is necessary to introduce school health promotion projects in a systematic way.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.449-461
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• 2013

As the hydrofluoric acid leak in Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do or hydrochloric acid leak in Ulsan, Gyeongsangnam-do demonstrated, chemical related accidents are mostly caused by large amounts of volatile toxic substances leaking due to the damages of storage tank or pipe lines of transporter. Safety assessment is the most important concern because such toxic material accidents cause human and material damages to the environment and atmosphere of the surrounding area. Therefore, in this study, a hydrofluoric acid leaked from a storage tank was selected as the study example to simulate the leaked substance diffusing into the atmosphere and result analysis was performed through the numerical Analysis and diffusion simulation of ALOHA(Areal Location of Hazardous Atmospheres). the results of a qualitative evaluation of HAZOP (Hazard Operability)was looked at to find that the flange leak, operation delay due to leakage of the valve and the hose, and toxic gas leak were danger factors. Possibility of fire from temperature, pressure and corrosion, nitrogen supply overpressure and toxic leak from internal corrosion of tank or pipe joints were also found to be high. ALOHA resulting effects were a little different depending on the input data of Dense Gas Model, however, the wind direction and speed, rather than atmospheric stability, played bigger role. Higher wind speed affected the diffusion of contaminant. In term of the diffusion concentration, both liquid and gas leaks resulted in almost the same $LC_{50}$ and ALOHA AEGL-3(Acute Exposure Guidline Level) values. Each scenarios showed almost identical results in ALOHA model. Therefore, a buffer distance of toxic gas can be determined by comparing the numerical analysis and the diffusion concentration to the IDLH(Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health). Such study will help perform the risk assessment of toxic leak more efficiently and be utilized in establishing community emergency response system properly.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.69
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• pp.261-301
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• 2016

Recently the abusive calls on on-demand bonds have been a critical issue among many engineering and construction companies in Korea. On-demand bond is referred to as an independent guarantee in the sense that the guarantee is independent from its underlying contract although it was issued based on such underlying contract. For this reason, the issuing bank is not required to and/or entitled to look into whether there really is a breach of underlying contract in relation to the call on demand-bonds. Due to this kind of principle of independence, the applicant has to run the risk of the on demand bond being called by the beneficiary without due grounds. Only where the call proves to be fraudulent or abusive in a very clear way, the issuing bank would not be obligated to pay the bond proceeds for the call on on-demand bonds. In order to prevent the issuing bank from paying the proceeds under the on-demand bond, the applicant usually files with its competent court an application for injunction prohibiting the beneficiary from calling against the issuing bank. However, it is in practice difficult for the applicant to prove the beneficiary's call on the bond to be fraudulent since the courts in almost all the jurisdictions of advanced countries require very strict and objective evidences such as the documents which were signed by the owner (beneficiary) or any other third party like the engineer. There is another way of preventing the beneficiary from calling on the bond, which is often utilized especially in the United Kingdom or Western European countries such as Germany. Based upon the underlying contract, the contractor which is at the same time the applicant of on-demand bond requests the court to order the owner (the beneficiary) not to call on the bond. In this case, there apparently seems to be no reason why the court should apply the strict fraud rule to determine whether to grant an injunction in that the underlying legal relationship was created based on a construction contract rather than a bond. However, in most jurisdictions except for United Kingdom and Singapore, the court also applies the strict fraud rule on the ground that the parties promised to make the on-demand bond issued under the construction contract. This kind of injunction is highly unlikely to be utilized on the international level because it is very difficult in normal situations to establish the international jurisdiction towards the beneficiary which will be usually located outside the jurisdiction of the relevant court. This kind of injunction ordering the owner not to call on the bond can be rendered by the arbitrator as well even though the arbitrator has no coercive power for the owner to follow it. Normally there would be no arbitral tribunal existing at the time of the bond being called. In this case, the emergency arbitrator which most of the international arbitration rules such as ICC, LCIA and SIAC, etc. adopt can be utilized. Finally, the contractor can block the issuing bank from paying the bond proceeds by way of a provisional attachment in case where it also has rights to claim some unpaid interim payments or damages. This is the preservative measure under civil law system, which the lawyers from common law system are not familiar with. As explained in this article, it is very difficult to block the issuing bank from paying in response to the bond call by the beneficiary even if the call has no valid ground under the underlying construction contract. Therefore, it is necessary for the applicants who are normally engineering and construction companies to be prudent to make on-demand bonds issued. They need to take into account the creditability of the project owner as well as trustworthiness of the judiciary system of the country where the owner is domiciled.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.57-63
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• 2016

Though a valve is a very important part in a system to control properly, it has potential failure caused by gap from valve stem to ball connection, and abrasion, crack, fixation causing operational trouble and accidents. 64% of the valve failure in the real case was the failure of airtightness and most accidents of leakage and explosion were occurred while fixing the failure. While there are no proper safety manual, maintenance procedure and regulation for industrial valves excluding safety valve, safety management for the valves is left to the discretion of the maintenance company. Strict maintenance that removes hazards and emergency response procedure are required to prevent and reduce the loss of accident. This study suggests safety enhancement measures through valve monitoring by investigating the status of use of valve and current maintenance. Enhancement of gas safety management can be acquired by a monitoring system that provides diagnosis for valve status, monitoring real-time gas leakage, management of entire cycle lifetime that can reduce maintenance cost.