• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 1997

Seed germination test done in laboratory does not coincide with field emergence in general. The experiments were carried out to examine the effect of priming and $GA_3$, treatment to seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum; Codonopsis lanceolata and C. pilosula on lapsed time to first seedling emergence, seedling emergence, morphological characters and growth and the cause of poor emergence of C. pilosula. No-treatment as Control (water), priming or $GA_3$ treatment was done with only distilled water for 2 days, $CA(NO_3)_2$ 150 mM for 2 days or $GA_3$ 0.1 mM for 3 days, respectively. Seedling emergence rate was counted every 2 days but morphological characters and dry weight of shoot and root were measured on 38 days after sowing. Their internal seed structures were examined with Scanning Electron Microscope. C. pilosula had poorer seedling emergence rate than P grandiflorum and C. lanceolata showing nearly same rate: Compared to the other treatment (s) P. grandiflorum displayed higher rate in priming and $GA_3$, treatments but C. lanceolata or C. pilosula did the greatest rate in only $GA_3$ or priming treatment, respectively. $GA_3$ treatment to seeds of P. grandiflorum and C. lanceolata shortened the lapsed time to seedling emergence in comparison with Control, 2-days water imbibition before sowing. In all the species plant height and number of leaves per seedling became shorter and less in priming treatment than the other treatments except plant height of C. Pilosula while their hypocotyl length was nearly same in all treatments. Although priming treatment had nearly similar effect to morphological characters, $GA_3$ treatment forced greater shoot, root and aftermath total dry weight per seedling. Poor seedling emergence of C. pilosula was caused by its seed defect like cleavage or lack of embryo, poor development of embryo and endosperm or their separation.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 1993

This study was carried out to identify the effect of seed gathering time and after-ripening on Paeonia lactiflora Pall (PL) seed emergence, and to establish optimal seed gathering time and sowing time. We used two local cultivar of PL ; Punggi and Uisung. Seeds were gathered 6 times from 5th July to 25th August in 1992. The seeds of Punggi local cultivar were planted by the planting density of $10\;{\times}\;15cm$ after treatment of 7 ways ; without after-ripening, with after-ripening for 10, 20, 30 days without or with capsule. We investigated the change of 100 grains weight of PL seed by the passage of time and emergence rate after treatment. The seed weight of Punggi was heavier than that of Uisung and the seed weight was maximzed at 25th July both of the two, and then decreased by the passage of time. The seed emergence rate of Punggi gathered at 5th July was showed 7.8% and the seed emergence of Uisung was later 10 days than that of Punggi. The maximum emergence rate of two local cultivars was the highest in gathering the seeds on the 15th of August. In gathering the seeds without and with capsule, the emergence rate of seeds sowed with after-ripening was higher than that of seeds sowed immediately after gathering the seeds without after-ripening when the seeds gathered between 5th July and 5th August. In after-ripening with out and with capsule, the emergence rate of 10 days after-ripening seeds was less than that of 20 and 30 days after-ripening seeds after the seeds gathered on the 5th and 15th of July. Difference of the emergence rate of seeds by after-ripening time did not show when the seeds gathered after 25th July.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.125-131
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• 1971

In order to see if NaCl affected the the emergence rate and the SD action when treated it at the pupal stage of Drosophila melanogaster, an experiment was performed in which the resistibility to NaCl at the pupal stage was examined by the emergence rate and the effects of NaCl on the SD action was studied by k values. The four SD strains and two other strains (cn bw and Oregon-R) were used and NaCl media were prepared by adding NaCl at a concentration of 0.0M, 0.1M, 0.3M, 0.5M, 0.7M, and 1.0M to the standard media for the present experiment. The following conclusions were established: 1. The emergence rate (resistibility to NaCl) when treated NaCl at the pupal stage is significantly different not only among the strains but also among concentrations of NaCl. 2. The emergence rate decreases as concentration of NaCl increases but the rate of decrease shows rather constant so that the curves of decrease are not steep. 3. The emergence rate of the cn bw and Oregon-R strains shows higher value than of the four SD strains, implying that the resistibility to the NaCl is lower in the SD strains than in the two strains; not a few flies are emerged from the media of 1.0M of NaCl. 4. The difference in k values is not significant among concentrations of NaCl but among strains, the k values of the original SD strains are rather higher and constant but those of the recombinant SD strains are rather low and unstable. 5. The SD action is not affected by NaCl as far as once emerged from the culture media whether containing NaCl or not in any developmental stage. Thus such an experiment on NaCl effect is of little value to analyze the mechanism of the SD action in D. melanogaster.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to compare the test methods for predicting field emergence of Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium pratense. Four seed lots of two herbage legumes were controlled deteriorated, accelerated aged before germination test and conductivity of each seed lot was determined. Those germination percent and conductivity of seed lots were compared with actual field emergence rate. Field emergence rate could be estimated by the controlled deterioration test ($R^2$=0.687), by the accelerated aging test ($R^2$=0.260), and by the conductivity test ($R^2$=0.238). A multiple regression equation for predicting field emergence rate(equation omitted) was estimated as (equation omitted)=-198.16 ＋ 2.3493X$_1$-1.5564X$_2$ ＋ 1.9812X$_3$where X$_1$, percent germination of controlled deterioration test ; X$_2$, percent germination of accelerated aging test; and X$_3$, conductivity of solute leakage in the conductivity test. Conclusively, unless multiple tests are not available, the controlled deterioration test was comparatively high efficient for predicting field emergence rate, however, the combined measurements of those three tests can enhance the efficiency.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 2001

In an effort to investigate the germination and growth characteristics of tannin containing forage crops (such as chicory, birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus pedunculatus, sulla, lespedeza, crownvetch, sainfoin), germinativity, seedling vigor, and productivity were studied. Although the cumulative germination percentage (CGP) of chicory and birdsfoot trefoil was low, the germination rate(GR) and days to reach 50% of final germination(Gt50) were excellent. Crownvetch, lespedeza and sainfoin showed poor germination. Chicory seeds were light but the rate of emergence and establishment were high. Seeds of Lotus pedunculatus and birdsfoot trefoil were also small, but their rates of emergence and establishment were quite good. On the other hand, seeds of sainfoin and crownvetch were heavy but their emergence and establishment rate were very low. Lespedeza was the best in getting over the hot summer, and crownvetch also survived well during summer. Chicory was good in productivity and early growing but its persistence was not good. In case of birdsfoot trefoil and Lotus pedunculatus their early growing were slow but their productivity and persistence were fairly well. Lespedeza, crownvetch, and sainfoin showed poor growth in Korea. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that chicory would be better to use as short term high productive forage crop, and Lotus pedunculatus and birdsfoot trefoil could be used as continuous functional forage crops in Korea. (Key words : Tannin. Germination. Chicory. Birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus pedunculatus)

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.321-328
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• 2003

Various presowing seed treatments have been used to enhance the rates of germination and afterward seedling emergence. Seeds treated by them occasionally have not shown the same rate in indoor and field. The presowing treatments considering germination mechanism and factors affecting germination should be totally included in indoor experiments so that the results drawn could be reproduced in the field. Seed drying after the treatments and field conditions after sowing especially able to show Phytochromemediated responses related to light treatment must be determined prior to force the treatments to seeds. After set up these prerequisites to promote the rates of germination and emergence, many seed treatments proposed so far must be fixed how to be done; alone, sequential and simultaneous.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.290-295
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• 1998

Presowing treatements to seed are reasonable for elevating the seedling production efficiency. This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of $GA_3$ [0 (water) : 0.01 mM] and light qulaity (red : white) simultaneously treated before sowing on seedling emergence and growth of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cv NC 82 and Burley 21. Red or white light was illuminated 12 hours a day while seeds of the cultivars were imbibed with either water or $GA_3$ 0.01 mM for 3 days. Seedling emergence was measured up to 20 days after sowing but morphological characters and dry weights were done 40 days. The seedling emergence rate of cv NC 82 was more affected by light quality and $GA_3$ pretreatments than that of cv Burley 21. Light quality more influenced the rate than $GA_3$ while red light or water imbibition enhanced the rates of the two cultivars compared to the other treatement. Although mean plant height and leaf number per seedling were nearly equal between the treatements, red light declined leaf area per seedling of cv Burley 21 of which seeds were imbibed in water but white light decreased the areas of both cultiars of which seeds were soaked in $GA_3$solution. Shoot dry weight was greater in cv NC 82 but less in cv Burley 21 pretreated with red light, and root dry weight showed the reverse result in white light, meaning that presowing light and $GA_3$ treatments could be changed the seedling development and growth of tobacco.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.361-367
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• 2002

In order to determine the optimum harvest time for the seed production of inbreds and hybrids in silage corn, the ears of sib-pollinated 'KS5', 'KS7rhm', and 'Ga209' and cross-pollinated 'KS5' $\times$ 'KS6' (Suwon19), 'KS7 rhm' $\times$ 'KSl17' (Suwonok), and 'Ga209' $\times$ 'DB544'(Kwanganok) were harvested at the one-week intervals from 4 to 10 weeks after silking. The optimum harvest time for the seed production for 'KS5', 'KS5' $\times$ 'KS6', 'KS7 rhm', and 'KS7rhm' $\times$ 'KS117' was 7 weeks after silking considering both emergence rate and plumule growth in cold test. Although earlier harvested seeds showed similar germination rate as the seeds harvested at the optimum time at $25^{\circ}C$, their emergence rate were lower in cold test. Seed weight and $\alpha$-amylase activity of earlier harvested seeds were lower compared to those of seeds harvested at the optimum time, while leakage of total sugars and electrolytes were higher. However, the later harvested seeds showed lower germination rates at $25^{\circ}C$ and emergence rates in cold test probably due to the lower $\alpha$-amylase activity although they showed increased seed weight and reduced leakage of total sugars and electrolytes. In contrast, the emergence rate of 'Ga209' and 'Ga209' $\times$ 'DB544' in cold test increased up to 10 weeks after silking probably due to the increased seed weight and $\alpha$-amylase activity and reduced sugar and electrolyte leakages during the germination. The cross-pollinated F$_1$ hybrid seeds showed higher germination and emergence rates at $25^{\circ}C$ and in cold test, and higher plumule growth and $\alpha$-amylase activity compared to those of sib-pollinated inbreds.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.207-211
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of $GA_{3}$ and cold stratification as presown treatments on seed germination, seedling emergence and final survival rate of Acanthopanax senticosus Maxim. Seeds collected 145 days after-ripening period followed by 10 days of cold stratification was effective in promoting germination. Dehisced seeds treated with 500 ppm of $GA_{3}$ for 3 days was also effective in promoting germination. However, seedling emergence rate remained low in both treatment. Seedling emergence rate was higher for seeds germinated in Heungnong-Bio and Klasman-Bio than in vermiculite, perlite, vermiculite-perlite mixture, or sand. After 40 days of cold stratification, seedling emergence was significantly higher in the 500 ppm $GA_{3}$ treatment than nontreatment for both dehisced and non-dehisced seeds. However, for dehisced seeds, $GA_{3}$ treatment before sowing resulted in decreased final seedling survival rate.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2021

We checked the emergence rate and early growth characteristics of young rice plants according to the germination length and seed damage ratio in direct seeding. The emergence rate was reduced according to the longer germination length and higher seed damage ratio. The emergence rate was further reduced under high-temperature conditions. The leaf number did not show a significant difference according to germination length and seed damage ratio. However, shoot and root dry weights were reduced according to the germination length and seed damage ratio. The root dry weight was highly correlated with the shoot dry weight. Based on these results, we concluded that a longer germination length and seed damage could induce the loss of nutrients and affect poor root growth, consequently inducing poor emergence and growth in the early growth stage of rice seeds. Therefore, in rice direct seeding, seed conditions of less than 1 mm of germination length should be checked for a sufficiently high standing rate and adequate growth characteristics after seeding.