• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.129-134
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• 2020

Moisture infiltration inside the solar cell module, filling of EVA sheet, melting of the frame seal, and deterioration of power generation performance in the module one year after installation are occurring. Whitening phenomenon, electrode corrosion phenomenon, and dielectric breakdown phenomenon are appearing in solar cell module installed in Korea before 5-7 years, leading to deterioration of power generation performance, and big problems for long-term reliability and long life technology are emerging. Therefore, in order to solve these problems, the development of a micro inverter (MiCrco Inverter Converter, MiC) including the function of securing the durability of the solar cell module and monitoring the aging progress and the solar cell based on the monitoring data from the MiC smart monitoring programs have been proposed to determine the aging of modules. In addition, in order to become a highly efficient solar smart monitoring system through systematic operation management through IT convergence with MiC that has enhanced monitoring function of solar cell module, SoC(System On Chip) in micro inverter is the environment for solar cell module. There is a demand for functions that can detect information in a complex manner and perform communication and control when necessary. Based on these requirements, this paper aims to develop SoC-based low-cost MiC smart photovoltaic system technology.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9295-9300
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• 2014

Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a multifunctional cytokine which plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cancer. To date, several studies have investigated associations between IL-17A -197G>A (rs2275913) polymorphism and digestive cancer risk, but the results remain conflicting. We here aimed to confirm the role of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in susceptibility to digestive cancer through a systemic review and meta-analysis. Ten eligible case-control studies were identified by searching electronic databases, involving 3,087 cases and 3,815 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of the association. The results of overall analyses indicated that the variant A allele was associated with an increased risk of digestive cancer (AA vs GG: OR=1.51, 95%CI=1.18-1.93; AA vs GG+GA: OR=1.45, 95%CI=1.12-1.87; A vs G: OR=1.21, 95%CI=1.05-1.39). In subgroup analysis stratified by specific cancer type, elevated risk among studies of gastric cancer was found (AA vs GG: OR=1.68, 95%CI=1.24-2.28; AA vs GG+GA: OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.16-2.26; A vs G: OR=1.23, 95%CI=1.04-1.46). According to ethnicity, there was evidence in the Asian populations for an association between this polymorphism and cancer risk (GA vs GG: OR=1.19, 95%CI=1.05-1.36; AA vs GG: OR=1.56, 95%CI=1.15-2.12; AA+GA vs GG: OR=1.28, 95%CI=1.13-1.44; AA vs GG+GA: OR=1.42, 95%CI=1.01-2.00; A vs G: OR=1.24, 95%CI=1.08-1.44), while in the Caucasian populations an association was found in the recessive model (AA vs GG+GA: OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.17-2.24). In conclusion, the results of this meta-analysis suggest that the IL-17A -197G>A polymorphism contributes to an increased risk of human digestive cancer, both in the Asian and Caucasian populations and especially for gastric cancer.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2018

Sedation is a useful behavior management technique for dental patients who may be uncontrollable or have medical problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in patterns of sedative treatments in pediatric dentistry by analyzing the distribution of patients and used sedative agents. Patients and sedative agents were reviewed based on the electronic medical records (EMR) of the department of pediatric dentistry in Yonsei University Dental Hospital from 2011 to 2016. The number of patients who were treated under sedation generally increased. Male received more sedation treatment than female by 2014, and they became similar from 2015. The treatment percentage of patients with systemic disease decreased in 2013, remained constantly afterwards. The ratio of sedative treatment for the age 4 - 5 and age 6 - 10 generally increased, while that of the age 0 - 2 and older than age 11 decreased. The ratio of the age 3 remained steady. Nitrous oxide was the most frequently used sedative agent. The use of benzodiazepine increased while the use of chloral hydrate decreased. Although the use of sedation has expanded, multidimensional approaches for ensuring safety have been less focused. Therefore, it is necessary to explore further studies for the safety and efficacy of the use of sedation.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.7-18
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• 2017

Purpose: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that prohibit biosynthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites have been considered potent host modulation agents. The aim of this review was to determine the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs adjunctive with nonsurgical periodontal treatment in patients with periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Three electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies. The methodological quality and mean differences of the change in clinical attachment level and probing depth were analyzed according to Cochrane review methods. Results: Twelve studies were included in the methodological assessment and nine studies were suitable for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The mean difference in the clinical attachment level gain did not differ significantly between the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and control groups at any observation time. The highest mean difference in clinical attachment level gain was 0.30 mm at 4 weeks (95% confidence interval = -0.37 to 0.97). There was a significant mean difference in the probing depth reduction, of 0.34 mm (95% confidence interval = 0.29 to 0.40) at 6 weeks. Conclusion: Therefore, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have additional therapeutic effect when administrated with nonsurgical periodontal treatment.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.8-11
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• 2010

In this study, a new thin films passivation technique using Zn with high electronegativity and $MgF_2$, a fluorine material with better optical transmittance than the sealing film materials that have thus far been reported was proposed. Targets with various ratios of $MgF_2$ to Zn (5:5, 4:6 and 3:7) were fabricated to control the amount of Zn in the passivation films. The Mg-Zn-F films were deposited onto the substrates and Zn was located in the gap between the lattices of $MgF_2$ without chemical metathesis in the Mg-Zn-F films. The thickness and optical transmittance of the deposited passivation films were approximately 200 nm and 80%, respectively. It was confirmed via electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis that the Zn content of the film that was sputtered using a 4:6 ratio target was 9.84 wt%. The Zn contents of the films made from the 5:5 and 3:7 ratio targets were 2.07 and 5.01 wt%, respectively. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was determined to be $38^{\circ}C$, RH 90-100%. The WVTR of the Mg-Zn-F film that was deposited with a 4:6 ratio target nearly reached the limit of the equipment, $1\times10^{-3}\;gm^2{\cdot}day$. As the Zn portion increased, the packing density also increased, and it was found that the passivation films effectively prevented the permeation by either oxygen or water vapor. To measure the characteristics of gas barrier, the film was applied to the emitting device to evaluate their lifetime. The lifetime of the applied device with passivation was increased to 25 times that of the PLED device, which was non-passivated.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.330-339
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• 2012

Background : Hypertension is treated with both lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7), published in 2003, provides a streamlined management approach to hypertension for the primary care physician. The JNC-7 is the gold standard also in Korea. According to the JNC-7, special therapeutic considerations are recommended for high-risk individuals with compelling indications. The presence of compelling indications in any given patient should be considered when selecting specific pharmacotherapy to treat hypertension. However, in patients with compelling indications, it is unknown that hepatotoxicity is caused by Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB), one of 1st anti-hypertensive drugs. Now, the CCB is the most used 1st anti-hypertensive drug in Korea Therefore, we evaluated the changes in blood liver function parameters (ALT, AST, Total bilirubin, serum albumin) for the study group. Methods : We randomly collected and retrospectively analyzed Electronic Medical Record data (n=28,788) of patients, and who took calcium channel blockers(non-dihydropyridines; diltiazem, verapamil, dihydropyridines; amlodipine, barnidipine, benidipine, clinidipine, efonidipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine), with having liver function tests (LFTs) from July 1st 2009 to June 30th 2010 at the Seoul National University Hospital in Korea. Control groups are two antihypertensive agents: RAS blockade (ARB; candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartan, ACE-I; cilazapril, enalapril, fosinopril, imidapril, perindopril, ramipril) and, Diuretics (loop; furosemide, torsemide, thiazide; hydrochlorothiazide[HCTZ], indapamide). Patients not having LFT results at these three standard points of time(baseline, during, medication, and after finishing medication) were excluded. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS (Version12.0) and Microsoft Excel (Version2007). Results : 711 patients who were treated CCB (297), RAS blockade (232) or Diuretics (182) monotherapy were selected for the study. In selected patients, liver damage degree(changes of each LFTs value) was higher in diuretics group than other groups, followed by RAS blockade and CCB. In diuretics group's was loop-diuretics group was higher than thiazide-diuretics group. In CCB group, Nondihydropyridine-CCB's damage degree was higher than Dihydropyrine-CCB's that. Conclusions : Despite the limitations due to the retrospective study, among patients with abnormal LFTs, the use of CCBs led to a less liver damage than other 1st anti-hypertensive agents. It can be recommended CCBs as one of the initial treatments of hypertension in patients with liver disease.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.304-315
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• 2012

Today, suicide by self-poisoning of prescribed or non-prescribed drugs on purpose has been increasing and is a major cause of mortality. It is very important to treat promptly and properly for saving the lives from those suicides. There is neither an organization such as poison control center nor measurement in S. Korea, though. The object of this study was to evaluate information of frequently used substances for suicide attempt in S. Korea. Our results also can provide healthcare provider including pharmacists and doctors, etc and contribute to increasing health and welfare for Korean. From June $1^{st}$ 2006 to April $30^{th}$ 2012, we retrospectively studied patients visiting emergency room due to suicide attempt. We collected information of underlying disease, history of past medical condition and suicide attempt, ingredient and getting route of ingesting substances, emergency treatment, and outcome by reviewing electronic medical record. We also evaluated actual treatment of self-poisoning and made guide information about antidote medication for S. Korean healthcare provider. Among total 242 cases of suicidal attempts, cases ingesting substances including prescription, non-prescription drugs and agricultural chemicals were 86.4%. The most frequently used drugs for suicide attempt were sedatives-hypnotics (53.6%), followed by analgesics (16.7%) and antidepressants (12.4%). Analgesics including acetaminophen and aspirin were most in teenagers but sedatives-hypnotics including benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine (zolpidem) and antihistamine were most in other ages including elderly people. Most frequently used antidote was activated charcoal (62.7%) and specific antidotes for some substances (acetaminophen, aspirin, agricultural chemicals) were also treated properly, accompanying with medication for supportive care. In conclusion, the most used substances for suicide attempt were sedatives-hypnotics and treatments for self-poisoning in emergency room were appropriate based on existing references. Therefore, information of frequently used substances and antidote reflecting these results will be useful for South Korean healthcare provider.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.96-106
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• 2014

Previous academic research on FPGA tools has relied on simple imaginary models for the targeting architecture. As the first step to overcome such restriction, the issues on analytic placement and legalization which are applied to commercial FPGAs have been brought up, and several techniques to remedy them are presented, and evaluated. First of all, the center of gravity of the placed cells may be far displaced from the center of the chip during analytic placement. A function is proposed to be added to the objective function for minimizing this displacement. And then, the density map is expanded into multiple layers to accurately calculate the density distribution for each of the cell types. Early fixation is also proposed for the memory blocks which can be placed at limited sites in small numbers. Since two flip-flops share control pins in a slice, a compatibility constraint is introduced during legalization. Pre-packing compatible flip-flops is proposed as a proactive step. The proposed techniques are implemented on the K-FPGA fabric evaluation framework in which commercial architectures can be precisely modeled, and modified for enhancement, and validated on twelve industrial strength examples. The placement results show that the proposed techniques have reduced the wire length by 22%, and the slice usage by 5% on average. This research is expected to be a development basis of the optimization CAD tools for new as well as the state-of-the-art FPGA architectures.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.276-281
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• 2014

Necessities of a traffic means work a car in the modern society human to an usability of a life is enjoying. On the other hand, the damage by traffic accident increment the human quotient worked as we were in proportion to the vehicle which increased. Passing an examination moves necessarily on an obstacle to suddenly appear at the fronts if a car travels and the vehicles which stopped suddenly. Dynamic passing an examination about an obstacle turn on Vehicle Emergency Lamp to by hand when is unhurried, and can turn off, but to appear urgently dynamic passing an examination in time human is instinctive, but cannot inform an emergency to a back vehicle, and a rear-end collision occurs. A car we synthesize a speed of a vehicle, and this unit analyzes as we use GPS, and to drive runs Vehicle Emergency Lamp to automatic in the situations that shall turn on emergencies etc. If a speed of a vehicle continuously slows down in too high-speed driving or low-speed driving, or we are stopped, Vehicle Emergency Lamp is always turned on. It was built if we rise again as clearing itself from risk, and a speed of a vehicle judges, and we turn off Vehicle Emergency Lamp to automatic. It runs till rear-end collision sensor operates, and by hand reset does Vehicle Emergency Lamp a driving vehicle collides from behind to a back vehicle or when a driving vehicle was overthrown. It is shortened very much to the chain rear-end collision traffic accident that is a traffic accident of large size if we use this unit. And we did authentication through the experiment which a driver was helpful to unnecessary operation and a relaxed safe driving during drivings.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.14 no.2 s.43
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• pp.49-57
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• 2007

Au-Sn solder alloy were deposited in multilayer and co-sputtered film by rf-magnetron sputter and the composition control and analysis were studied. For the alloy deposition condition, each components of Au or Sn were deposited separately. On the basis of pure Sn and Au deposition, the deposition condition for Au-Sn solder alloy were set up. As variables, the substrate temperature, the rf-power, and the thickness ratio were used for the optimum composition. For multilayer solder alloy, the roughness and the composition of solder alloy were controlled more accurately at the higher substrate temperature. In contrast, for co-sputtered solder, the substrate temperature influenced little to the composition, but the composition could be controlled easily by rf-power. In addition, the co-sputtered solder film mostly consisted of intermetallic compound, which formed during deposition. The compound were confirmed by XRD. Without flux during bonding of solder alloy film on leadframe, the adhesion strength were measured. The maximum shear stress was $330(N/mm^2)$ for multilayer solder with Au 10wt% and $460(N/mm^2)$ for co-sputtered solder with Au 5wt%.