• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 1988

Effects of simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(methylamino)-s-triazine] on the photochemical reactions of isolaed spinach chloroplasts and crude thylakoids of Anabaena inequalis UTEX B-381 were compared. Simazine inhibited photosynthetic O2 evolution and increased the chlorophyll fluorescence in whole cells of Anabaena. The electron transfer from diphenylcarbazide to 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol was inhibited by simazine treatment in spinach chloroplasts, but not in crude thylakoids of Anabaena. In spinach chloroplasts, the chlorophyll fluorescence was increased by simazine treatment in the presence of diphenylcarbazide and ferricyanide, but not in the presence of diphenylcarbazide and silicomolybdate. In crude thylakoids of Anabaena, simazine treatment did not increase the chlorophyll fluorescence in the presence of either diphenylcarbazide and silicomolybdate, or diphenylcarbazide and ferricyanide. There results suggest that the inhibitory site of simazine on photosynthetic electron transport chain of anabaena is different from that of spinach chloroplasts. And there may be a possiblity that the inhibition site of simazine in Anabaena lies on the donor side of photosystem II, before the site of electron donation by diphenylcarbazide.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.719-724
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• 2002

Fresh bamboo was charred in the mechanical steel kiln and traditional earth kiln, and then its smoke was condensed to produce bamboo smoke distillates (BSD). BSD made by mechanical steel kiln (MBSD) was purified by distillation. There is significant difference (p<0.05) in total phenol content among them, 663.40 ppm in MBSD, 571.62 ppm in PMBSD, and 485.16 ppm in TBSD. The nitrite scavenging activity and electron donation ability of BSDs were measured and the content of total phenol content was determined. The nitrite scavenging activity of BSD increased with increasing concentration of BSD at the same pH and decreased with increasing pH. There is significant difference (p<0.05) in nitrite scavenging activity among MBSD, purified MBSD (PMBSD), and BSD made by traditional earth kiln (TBSD) and the activity was the highest in MBSD and the lowest in TBSD. The electron donationg ability of BSDs increased with increasing the concentration of BSD and the reaction time. There is significant difference in the electron donation ability of BSDs at the same period and different concentration among the BSDs, the highest in MBSD and the lowest in TBSD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.719-729
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• 2012

We sought to study the qualities and scientific benefits of Dongchimi, a traditional Korean food. We compared and analyzed ingredients used for the appearance and storability of dongchimi - honggot (Brassica juncea czerniak et coss), cockscomb (Celosia cristata L.), and beet Beta vulgaris L.). We specifically examined the antioxidative and antibacterial activity of pigments from extracts of these ingredients. Distilled water ($H_2O$) and 1% citric acid were used to safely extract pigments. The antioxidative activity of the pigments was then measured for total phenolic compounds, SOD (Super Oxide Dismutase), and EDA (Electron Donation Ability) by DPPH. The antibacterial activity of was also assessed by a Paper disc solution. Our results show that the pigments had sufficient antioxidative activity and had antibacterial properties against Gram positive and negative bacteria. In particular, Cockscomb (used for enhancing color) contained the highest amount of polyphenol compounds and had the most efficient antioxidative activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.835-846
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• 2010

The manufacture of beverages prepared using hot-water extracts of Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum, Houttuynia cordata, and Lycium chinensis was statistically optimized using response surface methodology. The total polyphenol content, electron donation activity, and reducing power of optimized beverages were measured to evaluate antioxidant properties. The coefficients of determination, the $R_2$ values, were 0.9887~0.9957 for color, taste and overall acceptability. Analysis of variance showed that the model fit was a statistically significant (p<0.05). The optimized compositions of processed beverages were: Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum extract, 2.15%; Houttuynia cordata extract, 1.74%; and Lycium chinensis extract, 0.19% (all w/w). Total polyphenol content, electron donation activity, and reducing power of beverages of optimized composition were 3.61 mg/L, 23.78%, and 0.26, respectively.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to compare the color and microstructure of powder, redness, brownness, and antioxidative activity in extruded ginseng, white ginseng and red ginseng extracts. The colors of extruded dry ginseng powder (moisture content 30%, barrel temperature $110^{\circ}C$, and screw speed 200 rpm) were similar to those of red ginseng. Intact cell wall structure was examined in dried root ginseng at $70^{\circ}C$ (A), white ginseng with skin (D), white ginseng without skin (E), and red ginseng (F) under a scanning electron microscope. The cell wall was not detected in samples B and C (dry ginsengs extruded with 25% and 30% moisture contents, respectively). Intact starch granules were detected in samples A, D, and E under a scanning electron microscope. Melted starch granules were detected in samples B, C, and F. Colors (L, a, b) of 50% EtOH extracts were similar in samples C and F. Browniness and redness of extracts were high in extruded dry ginseng and red ginseng extracts. Extruded dry ginseng (B) showed higher electron donation ability and phenolic content than the other samples.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2000

Interrelation between the antioxidative activity of hot-water extracts of 130 medicinal plants and their cellular antimutagenic activity was investigated. Antioxidative activity was evaluated by assaying electron-donation to DPPH free radical and scavenging of hydroxyl radical $({\cdot}OH)$ generated through Fenton rection, respectively. All medicinal plants examined in this study exhibited markedly electron-donating ability and radical scavenging ability in each assay system. The results demonstrated the fact that Pilbal (Piper longum L.) is the strongest in electron-donating activity, on the other hand, that Seokgok (Dendrobium moniliforme L.) is the strongest in ${\cdot}OH$ scavenging activity. When evaluated their antioxidative activities, 24 medicinal plants including Jimo (Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge) were found to be the medicinal plants carrying strong antioxidative activity, which exhibited more than 50% activity compared to the control group in both electron-donating and free radical scavenging. The experiment was also performed to examine whether 11 medicinal plants having significant antimutagenicity damage DNA in the presence of $Cu^{2+}$, showing the fact that all samples tested, except Taeksa (Alisma canaliculatum All. Br.), Paekjain (Nitraria sibirica Pall) and Ohyak (Lindera strychifolia Sieb. et Zucc. Villar) are capable of inducing DNA strand break. We also found that Taeksa and Paekjain strongly block DNA strand break induced by chemical mutagen mitomycin C.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.55-63
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• 2002

Objectives: Peroxynitrite ($ONOO^{-}$), formed from the reaction of superoxide <${\cdot}O_2^{-}$) and nitric oxide (NO), is a cytotoxic species that can oxidize several cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. It has been implicated in diseases such as aging process, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and arteriosclerosis. Due to the lack of endogenous enzymes responsible for $ONOO^{-}$ inactivation, developing a specific $ONOO^{-}$ scavenger is of considerable importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate $ONOO^{-}$ scavenging activity and its mechanism in Cheonga-hwan (CAH). Methods: The $ONOO^{-}$ scavenging activity in CAH was assayed by measuring oxidized dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) by fluorescence. The scavenging efficacy was expressed as $IC_{50}$, showing the concentration of each sample required to cause 50% inhibition of DHR 123 oxidation. In a separate study, the protective effect of CAR on $ONOO^{-}$-induced nitration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated using immunoassay with a monoclonal anti-nitrotyrosine antibody, and a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody from sheep. Results: CAH showed potent scavenging activities of $ONOO^{-}$, NO and ${\cdot}O_2^{-}$. The data demonstrated that CAH led to decreased $ONOO^{-}$-mediated nitration of tyrosine through electron donation. CAH showed significant inhibition on nitration of bovine serum albumin by $ONOO^{-}$ in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: CAH can be developed as an effective peroxynitrite scavenger for the prevention of the $ONOO^{-}$ involved diseases.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.560-564
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• 2003

The functional properties of Hericium erinaceus were analyzed. The crude protein content was 8.01%. free sugars were mainly composed of glucose(47.09 mg%) and fructose(34.65 mg%), but sucrose and maltose were not detected. The free amino acids were mainly glutamic acid(1,468.12 mg%), alanine(716.07 mg%) and threonine(643.95 mg%) in Hericium erinaceus. It doesn't difference between water and ethanol extract on soluble solid content. Comparing minerals of extracts from Hericium erinaceus, water extract showed higher contents than ethanol extract except for I This tendency is similar to superoxide scavening activity and electron donating activity. But phenolic compounds, ethanol extract was higher than water extract. In comparison of water and ethanol extract of Hericium erinaceus, as a whole water extract was excellent.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.4084-4092
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• 2012

Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were performed to study the substituent effect on the geometric and electronic structures as well as the biological behavior of technetium-99m-labeled diphosphonate complexes. Optimized structures of these complexes are surrounded by six ligands in an octahedral environment with three unpaired 4d electrons ($d^3$ state) and the optimized geometry of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP agrees with experimental data. With the increase of electron-donating substituent or tether between phosphate groups, the energy gap between frontier orbitals increases and the probability of non-radiative deactivation via d-d electron transfer decreases. The charge distribution reflects a significant ligand-to-metal electron donation. Based on the calculated geometric and electronic structures and biologic properties of $^{99m}Tc$-diphosphonate complexes, several structure-activity relationships (SARs) were established. These results may be instructive for the design and synthesis of novel $^{99m}Tc$-diphosphonate bone imaging agent and other $^{99m}Tc$-based radiopharmaceuticals.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2003

Interrelation between the antioxidative activities of 70% ethanol extracts from bran fraction of 23 kinds of colored rice and chuchung as a control were examined. Antioxidative activities were evaluated by assaying reducing power, electron-donation ability to DPPH free radical, scavenging activity of hydroxy radical $({\cdot}OH)$ generated through Fenton reaction and inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation using linoleic acid autoxidation system, respectively. Among 24 varieties of colored rice LK 1-3-6-12-1-1 had the strongest reducing power followed by Elwee, DZ 78, Jumlalocal-1 and SC-45 in decreasing order. The electron-donating ability to DPPH radical was higher in order of HP 883-1-1-1-B-1-1, HP 833-1-3-1-1-1, LK 2-7-12-1-1 and DZ 78. The hydroxy radical scavenging activity was higher in order of DK-1, IR 1544-38-2-2-1-2-2, SC-5 and SC-45 but LK 2-7-12-1-1 had oxidative effect. In the liaoleic acid autoxidation model system, RGS No 336, LK 1B-2-1-1, LK 1B-4-12-1-1, LK 1A-2-12-1-1, LK 2-7-12-1-1 and HP 883-1-1-1-B-1-1 exhibited strong antioxidative activities but Elwee, Jumlalocal-l and SC-45 showed to have oxidative effects. The rice variety of highest pigment content was Elwee and the next were RGS-No 336, IR 1544-38-2-2-1-2-2 and SC-5 with the order of higher content. The reducing power was correlated with the quantity of the pigment in the ethanolic extract of rice bran and SC-5 showed relatively high antioxidative activity in every results of antioxidative activity tests.