• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.195-197
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• 2012

Halogen atoms in a molecule are traditionally considered as electron donors, since they have unshared electrons. Normally when they are bonded, there are three lone pair electrons. These lone pairs can function as Lewis bases. However, when they are bound to electron withdrawing groups, they can act as Lewis acids. Since the situation is similar hydrogen bonding (HB), this type of interaction is named as halogen bonding (XB). This mainly comes from the uneven distribution of electron density around the halogen atoms. Since the electron density around halogen atom opposite to ${\sigma}$-bond is depleted, its electropositive region is called ${\sigma}$-hole. This ${\sigma}$-hole can attract halogen bond acceptors, requiring more stringent directionality compared to HB. Since this interaction mainly comes from electrostatic origin, the geometry tends to be linear. Since the XB energy is comparable to corresponding HB. Still in its infancy, XB shows a broad range of applicability, with potentially more useful properties, compared to corresponding HB.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2007

Fly ash, a by-product of the coal-burning industry, and a potential source of ferro-alumino-silicate minerals, which contains high amount of ferric oxide and manganese oxide (electron acceptors), was selected as soil amendment for reducing methane $(CH_4)$ emission during rice cultivation. The fly ash was applied into potted soils at the rate of 0, 2, 10, and 20 Mg $ha^{-1}$ before rice transplanting. $CH_4$ flux from the potted soil with rice plants was measured along with soil Eh and floodwater pH during the cropping season. $CH_4$ emission rates measured by closed chamber method decreased gradually with the increasing levels of fly ash applied but rice yield significantly increased up to 10 Mg $ha^{-1}$ application level of the amendment. At this amendment level, total seasonal $CH_4$ emission was decreased by 20% along with 17% rice grain yield increment over the control. The decrease in total $CH_4$ emission may be attributed due to suppression of $CH_4$ production by the high content of active and free iron, and manganese oxides, which acted as oxidizing agents as well as electron acceptors. In conclusion fly ash could be considered as a feasible soil amendment for reducing total seasonal $CH_4$ emissions as well as maintaining higher grain yield potential under optimum soil nutrients balance condition.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2003

Shewanella putrefaciens DK-1은 그람음성, 통성 혐기성 세균으로 $NO_{3}$, Fe(III), Mn(IV), humic acid와 같은 다양한 전자수용체를 이용한다. S. putrefaciens DK-1의 전자공여체의 이용능력은 제한적이며, lactate나 formate는 좋은 전자공여체로 이용되지만 acetate나 toluene은 이용하지 못하였다. 다양한 전자수용체간의 경쟁을 살펴보기 위해 전자수용체로 Fe(III)와 같이 $NO_{3}^{-}$, $NO_{2}^{-}$를 넣어 주었을 매 Fe(III)의 환원은 저해되었다. 또한 5. putrefaciens DK-1은 전자수용체로 토양에 광범위하게 존재하는 humic acid를 이용하였으며, 환원된 humic acid는 질산염에 의해서 다시 산화되었다. Fe(III) 환원능이 있는 환경 시료를 이용하여 탄소, 질소, 인과 같은 제한 요인이 Fe(III) 환원세균의 활성에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 천호지의 저질토와 대호의 농토에 각각 탄소원, 질소원, 인을 첨가해 주었을 경우 S. putrefaciens DK-1과 탄소원을 동시에 첨가해 주었을 때 가장 높은 철 환원능을 보여주었다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제36권4호통권105호
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• pp.434-446
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• 2003

습지에서 중금속이나 방사성 물질의 성상과 이동은 전자수용체와 유기탄소를 이용하는 미생물의 대사작용의 결과로 나타나는 지질화학적 작용과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있으며, 이러한 지질화학적반응의 공간적인 분포는 주변 환경의 특성에 의해 영향을 받게 된다. 습지에서의 이러한 현상을 수학적으로 모의하기 위하여 식물의 존재 여부에 따른 퇴적물 내에서의 중금속 거동에 대한 일반적인 수학적 모형을 개발하였다. 본 모형에서 고려되는 주요 기작은 습지에서의 침적과 식물 뿌리의 존재가 퇴적물 내 지질화학적 반응과 이송 기작 및 혼합과정에 미치는 영향 등이며, 정상상태에 관한 수식들이 퇴적물 환경의 모의에 적용되었다. 수치모의 실험의 결과에 따르면, 열거된 물리학적기작들이 미생물의 유기 탄소원 분해작용의 결과로 나타나는 일련의 전자수용체, 그에 따른 반응물, 모형에서 고려된 중금속 물질인 비소 등 퇴적물내 화학 물질들의 수직적 분포에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 본 모형에서는 특정한 생물학적 변환 과정이 열역학적으로 호의적인 영역에서만 발생하는 것으로 고려되었음에도, 비생물학적 작용과 혼합 기작에 의하여 각각의전자수용체 분포의 수직적 중첩이나 역전 등 현장에서 실제 관측되는 현상 들을 잘 모사할 수 있었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.1225-1230
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• 2012

A new unsymmetrical zinc phthalocyanine has been designed and synthesized based on the 'push-pull' and extended ${\pi}$-conjugation concept for the dye-sensitized solar cells. Three tert-butoxy groups, which act as electron releasing ('push'), enhance the solubility of phthalocyanine in common organic solvents and reduce the aggregation. Hydroxy substituted 9,10-anthraquinones act as electron acceptors ('pull') for the study of photoinduced electron transfer processes as well as grafting onto nanocrystalline $TiO_2$. The new unsymmetrical zinc phthalocyanine was fully characterized by FTIR, UV-vis, $^1H$ NMR, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The new sensitizer was tested in dye-sensitized solar cells, and gave a better performance.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.757-762
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• 2016

The group of Fe(III) oxide-reducing bacteria includes exoelectrogenic bacteria, and they possess similar properties of transferring electrons to extracellular insoluble-electron acceptors. The exoelectrogenic bacteria can use the anode in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic acetate oxidation. In the present study, the anodic community was compared with the community using Fe(III) oxide (ferrihydrite) as the electron acceptor coupled with acetate oxidation. To precisely analyze the structures, the community was established by enrichment cultures using the same inoculum used for the MFCs. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed considerable differences between the structure of the anodic communities and that of the Fe(III) oxide-reducing community. Geobacter species were predominantly detected (>46%) in the anodic communities. In contrast, Pseudomonas (70%) and Desulfosporosinus (16%) were predominant in the Fe(III) oxide-reducing community. These results demonstrated that Geobacter species are the most specialized among Fe(III)-reducing bacteria for electron transfer to the anode in MFCs. In addition, the present study indicates the presence of a novel lineage of bacteria in the genus Pseudomonas that highly prefers ferrihydrite as the terminal electron acceptor in acetate oxidation.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: In recent years, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have emerged as a promising technology for recovering renewable energy from waste biomass, especially wastewater. In this study, the possibility of bioelectricity generation in two chambered mediator-less microbial fuel cells (MFCs) was successfully demonstrated using fermentable and non-fermentable substrates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two different electron acceptors have been tested in the cathode chamber for the effects of reducing agent on the power generation in MFCs. The average voltages of $0.26{\pm}0.014$ V and $0.36{\pm}0.02$ V were achieved with acetate using oxygen and potassium ferricyanide as reducing agent, respectively. Similarly, with glucose the average voltages of $0.256{\pm}0.05$ V and $0.340{\pm}0.04$ V were obtained using oxygen and ferricyanide, respectively. Using potassium ferricyanide as the reducing agent, the power output increases by 39 and 43% with acetate and glucose, respectively, as compared to the dissolved oxygen. Slightly higher coulombic efficiency (CE%) was obtained in acetate as compared to MFCs operated with glucose. The maximum power densities of 124 mW/$m^2$ and 204 mW/$m^2$ were obtained using dissolved oxygen and $K_3Fe(CN)_6$, respectively. CONCLUSION(s): This study demonstrates that power generation from the MFCs can be influenced significantly by the different types of catholyte. Relatively higher CE was obtained with $K_3Fe(CN)_6$. Thus, application of $K_3Fe(CN)_6$ as the catholyte can be vital for scaling uppower generation from the MFCs forreal time applications.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.603-610
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• 2008

A mathematical model was developed to understand how the presence of plants affects vertical profiles of electron acceptors, their reduced species, and trace metals in the wetland sediments. The model accounted for biodegradation of organic matter utilizing sequential electron acceptors and subsequent chemical reactions using stoichiometric relationship. These biogeochemical reactions were affected by the combined effects of oxygen release and evapotranspiration driven by wetland plants. The measured data showed that $SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations increased at the beginning of the growing season and then gradually decreased. Based on the measured data, it was hypothesized that the limitation of the solid phase sulfide in direct contact with the roots may result in the gradual decrease of $SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations. With the dynamic formulation for the limitation of the solid phase sulfide, model simulated time variable sulfate profiles using published model parameters. Oxygen release from roots produced divalent metal species (i.e. $Cd^{2+}$) as well as oxidized sulfur species (i.e. $SO_4{^{2-}}$) in the sediment pore water. Evapotranspiration-induced advection increased flux of divalent metal species from the overlying water column into the rhizosphere. The increased divalent metal species were converted to the metal sulfide with sufficient FeS around the rhizosphere, which contributed to the decrease of bioavailability and toxicity of divalent metal activity in the pore water. Since the divalent metal activity is a good predictor of the metal bioavailability, this model with a proper simulation of solid phase sulfide plays an essential role to predict the dynamics of trace metals in the wetland sediments.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.368-371
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• 2003

Accidental release of petroleum products from underground storage tank(USTs) is one of the most common causes of groundwater contamination. BTEX is the major components of fuel oils, which are hazardous substances regulated by many nations. In addition to BTEX, other gasoline consituents such as MTBE(methyl-t-buthyl ether), anphthalene are also toxic to humans. Natual attenuation processes include physic, chemical, and biological trasformation. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation are believed to be the major processes that account for both containment of the petroleum-hydrocarbon plum and reduction of the contaminant concentrations. Aerobic bioremediation has been highly effective in the remediation of many fuel releases. However, Bioremediation of aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater and sediments is ofen limited by the inability to provide sufficient oxygen to the contaminated zones due to the low water solubility of oxygen. Anaerobic processes refer to a variety of biodegradation mechanisms that use nitrate, ferric iron, sulfate, and carbon dioxide as terminal electron accepters. The objectives of this study was to conduct laboratory-scale microcosm studies in assessing enhanced bioremediation potential of BTEX and MTBE under various electron accepters(aerobic, nitrate, ferric iron, sulfate) in contaminated Soil. these results suggest that, presents evidence and a variety pattern of the biological removal of aromatic compounds under enhanced nitrate-, Fe(III)-, sulfate-reducing conditions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.3211-3217
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• 2013

Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations have been employed to investigate the molecular structures and absorption spectra of three D-${\pi}$-A-type organic dyes (C1-1, D5 and TH208) containing identical ${\pi}$-spacers and electron acceptors, but different aromatic amine electron-donating groups (tetrahydroquinoline, triphenylamine and phenothiazine). The coplanar geometries indicate that the strong conjugation is formed in the dyes. The electronic structures suggest that the intramolecular charge transfer from the donor to the acceptor occurs, and the electron-donating ability of tetrahydroquinoline is stronger than those of triphenylamine and phenothiazine. The computed orbital energy levels of these dyes confirm that the electrons could be injected from the excited dyes to the semiconductor conduction band and the oxidized dyes could be reduced effectively by electrolyte. The TD-DFT results show that the CAM-B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p) is suitable for calculating the absorption spectra. The first absorption band for these dyes is assigned to the HOMO${\rightarrow}$LUMO and HOMO-1${\rightarrow}$LUMO transitions.