• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 1982

The microstructure of Watts and bright ni-ckel electrodepositss is correlated with pref-erred orientation. The characteristics lamellar structure of bright nickel was atributed to the periodic adsorption of organic additives and related to cyclic fluctuations in temper-ature.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.195-207
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• 1999

The use of multilayered electrodeposits, to enhance coating performance especially in corrosive environments, has uncertain origins but has been systematically practiced and optimized since the 1950s. The background to such systems will be traced, examples given of their usage, and the recent development of nanometre multilayers by pulsed plating techniques described.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2004

The effect of trace metallic additives on microstructure, glossiness and hardness of Zinc electrodeposits was investigated by using sulfate bath and flow cell system. The preferred orientation of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe additives was (10$\ell$)+(002) mixed texture, while that of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe-Cr additives was ( $10\ell$). The preferred orientation of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe-X(X:Ni,Co) additives changed from ($10\ell$)+(002) to ($10\ell$) with increasing Mg additive from 5 to 10 g/$\ell$. The surface morphology of the Zinc deposits was closely related to the preferred orientation of the deposits. The glossiness of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe additives was similar to that of pure Zn deposit. The glossiness of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe-X(X:Ni,Cr) additives was lower than that of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe additives, while that of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe-Co additives was higher than that of Zn-Mg-Fe deposits. The hardness of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe-X(Ni,Co,Cr) increased with current density and amount of Mg additive. Hardness of Zn deposits was decreased and increased in comparison with Zn-Mg-Fe deposits for Mg-Fe-Co and Mg-Fe-Cr additives, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.242-250
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• 2003

Electrodeposition of Ni was carried out on copper substrate from Ni Sulfamate bath by DC and high frequency pulse current. During the electroplating, bath temperature was steady $60^{\circ}C$ , agitation was applied. Morphology and surface roughness of electrodeposits was investigated with the AFM. Crystalline structure of electrodeposits was investigated with XRD. Also, surface electric resistivity was investigated with 4-point probe. The result of crystalline structure by X-ray diffractometer, in the case of DC, <200> direction was dominant growing direction. But in the case of PC, the ratio of <200> direction vs. other direction decreased. As the pulse frequency increased, the enhanced properties of deposits were shown. With increasing frequency, the degree of surface properties increased DC more than that of PC, eg surface morphology, roughness and the degree of compactness of grains. With increasing duty cycle, the surface properties such as the degree of the morphology, roughness and electroconductivity was deteriorated.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.190-199
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• 2020

Copper pyrophosphate baths were employed in order to study the dependencies of current efficiency, residual stress, surface morphology and microstructure of electrodeposited Cu thin layers on applied current density. The current efficiency was obtained to be more than about 90 %, independent of the applied current density. Residual stress of Cu electrodeposits was measured to be in the range of -30 MPa and 25 MPa with the increase of applied current density from 0.5 to 15 mA/㎠. Relatively smooth surface morphologies of the electodeposited Cu layers were obtained at an intermediate current range between 3 and 4 mA/㎠. The Cu electrodeposits showed FCC(111), FCC(200), and FCC(220) peaks and any preferred orientation was not observed in this study. The average crystalline size of Cu thin layers was measured to be in the range of 44~69 nm.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2008

The morphology of three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked electrodeposits of copper and tin was investigated as a function of the content of metal sulfate and acetic acid in a deposition bath. The composition of copper sulfate had little effect on the overall copper network structure, whereas that of tin sulfate produced significant differences in the tin network structure. The effect of the metal sulfate content on the copper and tin network is discussed in terms of whether or not hydrogen evolution occurs on electrodeposits. In addition, the hydrophobic additive, i.e., acetic acid, which suppresses the coalescence of evolved hydrogen bubbles and thereby makes the pore size controllable, proved to be detrimental to the formation of a well-defined network structure. This led to a non-uniform or discontinuous copper network. This implies that acetic acid critically retards the electrodeposition of copper.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.444-454
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• 2003

The effect of trace metallic additives of Al-Fe-X on microstructure, glossiness and hardness of Zn electrodeposits was investigated by using sulfate bath. The preferred orientation of Zn deposits with Al-Fe additives was (10 l)(l:3,4,2), while that of Zn deposits with Al-Fe-X(Ni,Co) additives was either (002) or (002)＋(103)ㆍ(104) mixed orientation. The preferred orientation of Zn deposits with Al-Fe-Cr additives changed from (002)+(10 l) to (10 l) orientation with increasing amount of Al additive. The surface morphology of the Zn deposits was closely related to the preferred orientation of the deposits. The glossiness of Zn deposits with Al-Fe additives increased in comparison with that of pure Zn deposit. That of the Zn deposits with Al-Fe-X additives was related to the morphology of the deposits and changed according to type of additives. The hardness of Zn deposits with Al-Fe-X(Ni,Co,Cr) additives was noticeably higher than that of Zn deposits with Al-Fe additives.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.130-130
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• 2012

리튬이차전지의 음극재로 적용하기 위해, 텅스텐 산화물을 구리 기재 위에 전해 도금하였다. 이를 위해 텅스텐 산화물 염이 포함된 도금 조 내에서 다양한 도금 조건을 사용하여 산화물을 구리 기재 위에 박막 형태로 형성시켰다. 형성된 박막 산화물의 조성 및 구조적 특성을 분석하였고, 특히, 리튬 염을 포함하는 유기 용매 하에서 순환 전위 실험을 수행하여, 텅스텐 산화물 전해 도금 박막이 리튬이차전지의 음극재로서 리튬과 가역적으로 반응하는지 분석하였다.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.88-95
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• 1991

The tin-lead alloy was electrodeposited in the low range of peak current density in order to investigate the change of composition and microstructure of them. The Pb content of alloy deposits, which was decreased with increasing average current density, was relatively lower than that of D.C. plated alloy deposit. The preferred orientation of alloy deposit was changed with increasing peak current density and the surface morphology of alloy deposits was closely related to the preferred orientation of them.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2004

The current efficiency and the microstructure of the trivalent Cr deposits plated in flow cell system were investigated according to additives in sulfate bath and current density. The current efficiency of the deposits plated in the formic acid complexed bath was noticeably higher than that of the deposits from glycine complexed bath. The current efficiency of the deposits from the complexed baths with boric acid buffer increased linearly with current density in the range of 60-100 A/dm$^2$, while that of the deposits from the baths with both Al sulfate and mixed buffers increased parabolically with current density. The nodular crystallite size of the deposits increased with current density, and the deposits plated in low current density region had relatively smooth surface appearance with fine grains. The structure of the deposits from the complexed baths with boric acid buffer changed from amorphous structure to crystalline one with strong (110)peak with increasing current density. The deposits from the baths with both Al sulfate and mixed buffers had generally amorphous structure.