• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.403-432
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• 2019

Axially functionally graded (AFG) beams are a new class of composite structures that have continuous variations in material and/or geometrical parameters along the axial direction. In this study, the exact analytical solutions for the free vibration of AFG and uniform beams with general elastic supports are obtained by using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The elastic supports are modeled with linear rotational and lateral translational springs. Moreover, the material and/or geometrical properties of the AFG beams are assumed to vary continuously and together along the length of the beam according to the power-law forms. Accordingly, the accuracy, efficiency and capability of the proposed formulations are demonstrated by comparing the responses of the numerical examples with the available solutions. In the following, the effects of the elastic end restraints and AFG parameters, namely, gradient index and gradient coefficient, on the values of the first three natural frequencies of the AFG and uniform beams are investigated comprehensively. The analytical solutions are presented in tabular and graphical forms and can be used as the benchmark solutions. Furthermore, the results presented herein can be utilized for design of inhomogeneous beams with various supporting conditions.

• Advances in materials Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.163-174
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• 2018

This article studies the free and forced vibrations of the carbon nanotubes CNTs embedded in an elastic medium including thermal and dynamic load effects based on nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli beam. A Winkler type elastic foundation is employed to model the interaction of carbon nanotube and the surrounding elastic medium. Influence of all parameters such as nonlocal small-scale effects, high temperature change, Winkler modulus parameter, vibration mode and aspect ratio of short carbon nanotubes on the vibration frequency are analyzed and discussed. The non-local Euler-Bernoulli beam model predicts lower resonance frequencies. The research work reveals the significance of the small-scale coefficient, the vibrational mode number, the elastic medium and the temperature change on the non-dimensional natural frequency.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.143-156
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• 2008

Elliptical tubes may buckle in an elastic local buckling failure mode under uniform compression. Previous analyses of the local buckling of these members have assumed that the cross-section is hollow, but it is well-known that the local buckling capacity of thin-walled closed sections may be increased by filling them with a rigid medium such as concrete. In many applications, the medium many not necessarily be rigid, and the infill can be considered to be an elastic material which interacts with the buckling of the elliptical tube that surrounds it. This paper uses an energy-based technique to model the buckling of a thin-walled elliptical tube containing an elastic infill, which elucidates the physics of the buckling phenomenon from an engineering mechanics basis, in deference to a less generic finite element approach to the buckling problem. It makes use of the observation that the local buckling in an elliptical tube is localised with respect to the contour of the ellipse in its cross-section, with the localisation being at the region of lowest curvature. The formulation in the paper is algebraic and it leads to solutions that can be determined by implementing simple numerical solution techniques. A further extension of this formulation to a stiffness approach with multiple degrees of buckling freedom is described, and it is shown that using the simple one degree of freedom representation is sufficiently accurate for determining the elastic local buckling coefficient.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.293-299
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• 2004

In this paper, thermal and mechanical properties of electric epoxy with water aging were discussed. We made elastic epoxy specimen adding a ratio of 0〔phr〕20〔phr〕, 35〔phr〕 and 53〔phr〕 with modifier to existing epoxy. We studied mechanical property of elastic resin after absorption in water from 0 to 484 hours. As a result, diffusion factor of elastic epoxy showed 20-21${\times}$10$^{-4}$ $\textrm{mm}^2$/s and general epoxy showed 9.5${\times}$10$^{-4}$ $\textrm{mm}^2$/s. Elastic property increased linearly according to addiction and decreased according to water absorption. Tensile strength was reduced according to addition. It was affected by water absorption of micro-void of elastic epoxy. Hardness inclined to decrease after increasing according to absorbed time. In water-absorption state, it was experimented a change of heat flow by temperature of elastic epoxy and change of thermal expansion coefficient. DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and TMA (Thermomechanical Analysis) equipments were used to measure Tg. A temperature ringe of DSC was from -0($^{\circ}C$) to 200($^{\circ}C$). One of TMA was from -0($^{\circ}C$) to 350($^{\circ}C$). In addition, we investigated structural analysis of water absorbed specimen using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope).

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.237-246
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• 2001

This study is to measure the creep coefficient by 3 days, 7 days and 28 days in the age when loading for the quality assessment of $350kgf/cm^2$ in the high-strength concrete. And it is to analyze the behavior of creep coefficient by applying the experimental data though the compressive strength test, the elastic modulus test and the dry shrinkage test to the ACI-209, AASHTO-94 and CEB/FIP-90, the prediction mode, and the basis of concrete structural design. Also it is to analyze the behavior of short-term creep coefficient during 91 days in the age when loading through the experiment by using the regression analysis, the statistical theory. As applying it to the long-term behavior during 365 days and comparing with the creep prediction mode and examining it, the result from the analysis of the quality of the concrete is as follows. As the result of comparison and analysis about the ACI-209, AASHTO-94 and CEB/FIP-90, the prediction mode, and the basis of concrete structural design, the normal Portland cement class 1 shows the approximate value with the prediction of GEE/PIP-90 and the basis of concrete structural design, but in case of the prediction of ACI-209 and AASHTO-94, there would be worry of underestimation in the application.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1081-1089
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• 2018

The deformation and strength of brittle rocks are significantly influenced by the crack closure behavior. The relationship between the strength and deformation of rocks under uniaxial loading is the foundation for design and assessment of such scenarios. The concept of relative crack closure strain was proposed to describe the influence of the crack closure behavior on the deformation and strength of rocks. Considering the crack compaction effect, a new damage constitutive model was developed based on accumulated AE counts. First, a damage variable based on the accumulated AE counts was introduced, and the damage evolution equations for the four types of brittle rocks were then derived. Second, a compaction coefficient was proposed to describe the compaction degree and a correction factor was proposed to correct the error in the effective elastic modulus instead of the elastic modulus of the rock without new damage. Finally, the compaction coefficient and correction factor were used to modify the damage constitutive model obtained using the Lemaitre strain equivalence hypothesis. The fitted results of the models were then compared with the experimental data. The results showed that the uniaxial compressive strength and effective elastic modulus decrease with an increase in the relative crack closure strain. The values of the damage variables increase exponentially with strains. The modified damage constitutive equation can be used to more accurately describe the compressive deformation (particularly the compaction stage) of the four types of brittle rocks, with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.9.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2017

This paper presents a 1:25 multi-freedom aero-elastic model for a high lighting pole at the Zhoushan stadium. To validate the similarity characteristics of the model, a free vibration test was performed before the formal test. Beat phenomenon was found and eliminated by synthesis of vibration in the X and Y directions, and the damping ratio of the model was identified by the free decay method. The dynamic characteristics of the model were examined and compared with the real structure; the similarity results were favorable. From the test results, the major along-wind dynamic response was the first vibration component. The along-wind wind vibration coefficient was calculated by the China code and Eurocode. When the peak factor equaled 3.5, the coefficient calculated by the China code was close to the experimental result while Eurocode had a slight overestimation of the coefficient. The wind vibration coefficient during typhoon flow was analyzed, and a magnification factor was suggested in typhoon-prone areas. By analyzing the power spectrum of the dynamic cross-wind base shear force, it was found that a second-order vortex-excited resonance existed. The cross-wind response in the test was smaller than Eurocode estimation. The aerodynamic damping ratio was calculated by random decrement technique and the results showed that aerodynamic damping ratios were mostly positive at the design wind speed, which means that the wind-induced galloping phenomenon is predicted not to occur at design wind speeds.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.37-53
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• 2012

There is considerable uncertainty in ground properties used in tunnel designs. In this study, a back analysis was performed to find optimal ground properties based on the artificial neural network facility of MATLAB program of using tunnel monitoring data. Total 81 data were constructed by changing elastic modulus and coefficient of lateral pressure which have great influence on tunnel convergence. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to establish an optimal training model by varying the number of hidden layers, the number of nodes, learning rate, and momentum. Meanwhile, the optimal training model was selected by comparing MSE (Mean Squared Error) and coefficient of determination ($R^2$) and was used to find the correct elastic moduli of layers and the coefficient of lateral pressure. In future, it is expected that the suggested method of this study can be applied to determine the optimum tunnel support pattern under given ground conditions.

• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• v.4C no.5
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• pp.230-235
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• 2004

In this paper, epoxy elasticity factors were investigated by TMA (Thermomechanical Analysis), DMTA (Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis) and FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope) to improve toughness and reduce brittleness of existing epoxy resin. Dumbbell shaped specimens were made and tested at rates of 0, 20 and 35phr (part per hundred resins). TMA temperatures ranged from -2$0^{\circ}C$ to 20$0^{\circ}C$. Tg (glass transition temperature) of elastic epoxy was measured by thermal analysis. Also investigated were thermal expansion coefficient ($\alpha$), modulus and Tan$\delta$ (loss factor). And we analyzed structure through FESEM, could find elastic-factors of elastic epoxy that is not existing-epoxy. In addition, we measured permittivity and Tan$\delta$ for investigation of the electrical properties of elastic epoxy. Permittivity and Tan$\delta$ depend on elastomer composition. Namely, permittivity and Tan$\delta$ increase according to the elastomer contents. For experimental analysis results, 20phr was considered an excellent specimen.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.279-284
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• 2008

The firmness of fruit is one of the most important quality factors and is highly correlated to the elastic modulus. In this study, the ultrasonic transmission method was applied to evaluate the elastic modulus of the apple. In order to transmit and receive the ultrasonic wave through the whole apple, the ultrasonic measurement setup consisted of ultrasonic pulser, two specially fabricated ultrasonic transducers for fruit and digital storage oscilloscope. Ultrasonic parameters such as ultrasonic wave velocity, apparent attenuation, and peak frequencies were analyzed. The elastic modulus of apple was measured by using compression test apparatus. The correlations between ultrasonic parameters and elastic modulus were analyzed. A multiple linear regression model describing the relationship between elastic modulus and ultrasonic parameters was proposed.