• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2010

In vitro cultivation of trematodes would assist studies on the basic biology of the parasites and their hosts. This is the first study to use the yolk of unfertilized chicken eggs as a simple and successful method of ovocultivation and the first time to obtain the adult-stage of the trematode Cymatocarpus solearis Braun, 1899 (Digenea: Brachycoeliidae). Chicken eggs were inoculated with metacercariae from the muscle of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804). The metacercariae were excysted and incubated for 576 hr (24 days) at $38^{\circ}C$ to obtain the adult stage. Eggs in utero were normal in shape and light brown color. The metacercariae developed into mature parasites that have been identified as the adultstage found in marine turtles. The adult lobsters collected in Quintana Roo State, Mexico, showed the prevalence of 49.4% and the mean intensity of 26.0 per host (n=87). A statistical study was performed to determine that no parasitic preference was detected for male versus female parasitized lobsters. Morphometric measurements of the adult-stage of C. solearis obtained in our study have been deposited in the National Helminths Collection of the Institute of Biology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. This study is significant because it is the first time that a digenean of the family Brachycoeliidae has been demonstrated to develop in vitro from metacercariae into adults capable of producing eggs using the yolk of unfertilized chicken eggs. Secondly, this technique allows to obtain the adult stage of C. solearis without the presence of its marine turtle host, allows us to describe the mature parasites, and thus contribute to our understanding of the biology of C. solearis.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.447-463
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the histomorphological changes and the electrophoretic patterns of egg components, obtained from 100 of 2-year-old female catfishes (Silurus asotus). Female Korean catfishes collected in the vicinity of Chollabukdo have synchronous ovaries which discontinously ovulate eggs during the breeding season (from late May until early July). The fishes were killed by severing the spinal cord just posterior to the head after immobilization with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS 222). Especially, the light microscopic and ultrastructural changes of ooplasm and follicular membranes of oocytes, were examined by means of light and transmission electron microscopy. The size of the nucleoli and number of the yolk granules increased as the oocyte groved. Yolk granules were deposited in the oocyte as fluid Due to tile presence of large early and late maturing oocytes, their ovaries were enlarged, transparent, granular and greenish in color. As the percentages of fish in late maturing oocyte (LMO) and ripe oocyte (RO) stage increased from March to April, mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) values (19.95%) increased. Zona radiata changed from squamous into cuboid in shape in the early maturing oocyte (EMO) stage. Processes, microvilli, from the zona radiata and from the oocyte grow, and make contact with each other in the pore canals of the zona radiata during vitellogenesis, but are withdrawn as the zona radials becomes more compact and devoid of pore canals during oocyte maturation. Seasonal changes in the microscopic appearance of the ovaries were well correlated with those in both gonadosomatic index and macroscopic appearance. The main cytological changes such as increase in size of cell, nucleus, nucleolus, and increase in number of nucleoli and mitochondria demonstrated with electron microscopy in the previtellogenic oocytes of Korean catfish, provided evidences for important synthetic processes in an early preparatory phase of oocyte development. The electrophoretic pattern of major band in mature stage was much thicker (24 k, 66 k, 90-110k dalton) than that in previtellogenic phase.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2002

유기산제와 효모 배양물의 급여가 산란계의 생산성 및 계란 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 19주령 이사브라운 갈색계를 이용하여 16주간 사양실험을 시행하였다. 처리구는 무침가구인 대조구, 유기산제와 효모 배양물을 각각 0.1, 0.2% 수준으로 하였고 처리구당 5반복으로 반복당 18수씩 총 450수를 체중이 비슷하게 하여 완전 임의배치하였다. 산란율과 난중, 사료섭취 량은 4주 단위로 측정하였으며, 계란의 난각 강도. 난각 두게, Haugh unit, 난황색을 처리구별로 측정하였다. 난황의 지방산 조성은 실험 개시 후 8주 간격으로 측정하였다. 본 실험의 결과, 효모 배양물 0.1%급여시 31∼34주령의 산란율은 97.1%로 대조구에 비하여 증가하였다(P<0.05). 23∼26주령에서 1일 산란량은 유기산제 0.2% 급여구가 증가하였고(P<0.05), 31∼34주령에서는 효모 배양물 0.1% 급여구가 대조구에 비하여 현저하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 사료섭취량은 유기산제와 효모 배양물이 대조구와는 타이가 없었지만 27∼30주령에서 효모 배양물 0.1% 급여구는 유기산제 0.1% 급여구 보다 증가하였다(P<0.05). 난각 강도는 34주령에서 유기산제 0.1% 급여구가 효모배양물 0.1% 급여구에 비해서 증가하였으나(P<0.05), 대조구와 차이는 없었다. 34주령에 측정한 Haugh unit은 유기산제 급여구가 대조구보단 현저하게 높았으며(P<0.05), 난황색은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 유기산제 0.1%급여구는 난황내 C20:4의 함량을 대조구에 비하여 증가시켰고(27주령)(P<0.05), 유기산제 0.1%, 0.2%급여구는 Cl6:0의 함량을 현저하게 감소시켰다 (34주령)(P<0.05).

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 1983

밀감피 건조분말의 부러일러에 대한 사료가치를 규명하기 위하여 밀감 가공공장에서 박피된 밀감피를 수거한 후 일광건조 및 분쇄하여 밀감피 건조분말을 제조하였다. 또한 밀감피 건조분말의 일반성분, 아미노산 함양 및 광물질 함양을 분석하였다. 부로일러 전용종인 Maniker 초생추 암컷 192수를 12수씩 16개군으로 나누어 밀기울을 대치한 밀감피 건조분말의 수준을 0, 2. 4 및 6%의 4개 처리 4반복으로 완전임의배치하여 6주간 사양시험을 실시하였으며 사양시험 종료시 전 공시추에 대하여 개체별로 정강이 착색도를 조사하였는 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 부로일러의 증체량, 사료섭취량 및 사료효율에 있어서 밀감피 건조분말의 급여수준에 따른 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 2: 부로일러의 정강이 착색도는 밀감피 건조분말의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다(P＜0.05). 이상의 시험결과에 의하면 부로일러사료에 밀기울을 대치하여 밀감피 건조분말을 6% 수준까지 사용할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.254-265
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• 2002

Soybean meal (SBM) is a major protein source in poultry feeds and one of the best quality ingredients because of the relatively high protein content, good amino acid profile and bioavailability. But soybean meal quality is largely dependent on the processing technology and origins. In this experiment, effects of three different soybean meals were evaluated in layer (experiment 1) and broiler (experiment 2). Soybean meal sources used in the experiments were the US-originated dehulled soybean meal (USDHSBM), India-originated non-dehulled soybean meal (India SBM) and Brazil-originated non-dehulled soybean meal (Brazil SBM). Experiment 1 was conducted during growing and laying periods and evaluated the interactive effects of soybean meal sources according to feeding periods on growth performance and egg quality. Experiment 2 was conducted during growing period (day 1-35) and finishing period (day 35-42). The growth performance was measured for the same periods and any possible interaction between soybean meal origins and crude protein levels was also studied. In experiment 1, chicks fed India SBM utilized feed more efficiently (p<0.05) than those fed Brazil SBM from day 29 to day 42. The body weights of layers during the laying period had no relation to egg production. But egg weights were significantly heavier in all the USDHSBM fed groups than other groups (p<0.001) and depended on feed protein source during growing period (p<0.001). The average egg weight of the USDHSBM fed group scored the highest value (65.4 g), followed by the Brazil SBM fed group (62.1 g) and India SBM fed group (62.1 g). There was an effect of interaction between origins of soybean meal fed group in growing and laying period on eggshell color (p<0.01). Eggshell was significantly stronger in the USDHSBM fed (for growing period) groups than other groups (p<0.05) on $31^{st}$ week. Haugh's unit (HU), albumin index and yolk index of the USDHSBM fed group in growing stage were significantly superior (p<0.001) to other groups. In experiment 2, for the 7-week, chicks on the India SBM group gained less (p<0.001) weight than other groups. While daily gain of India SBM chicks was not affected by dietary crude protein level, those of the USDHSBM and Brazil SBM chicks were linearly increased as dietary crude protein level increased from 18% to 20%. The gain per feed ratio of the USDHSBM group was the highest (0.585), followed by the Brazil SBM group (0.568) and India SBM group (0.550) (p<0.01). Therefore, in this experiment, the use of USDHSBM with excellent protein quality and amino acid digestibility could be of advantage to the economic production of layer and broiler.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.294-300
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• 2014

미역, 다시마, 톳 등 갈조류 3종이 산란계의 계란 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 기존의 양계사료(대조구)에 미역(A처리구), 다시마(B처리구), 톳(C처리구)을 각각 10% 첨가하여 8주간 사육한 후 생산된 계란의 표면색깔, fucoxanthin, 무기질, 지방산 조성을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 갈조류 첨가에 의해 난황의 표면색깔은 적갈색으로 변화하는 경향이었고, 미역을 첨가한 A처리구가 가장 크게 일어났다. Fucoxanthin 함량은 원료 갈조류에서 21.3~34.8 mg%로 검출되었으나, 난황으로 이행되었다고 확인할 수는 없었다. 무기질 함량으로 Ca은 300.2 mg%에서 328.2~391.2 mg%로, Fe는 4.5 mg%에서 4.9~6.3 mg%로, Na은 2.5 mg%에서 88.2~99.7 mg%로, K는 350.8 mg%에서 402.2~450.5 mg%로 증가하는 경향이었으나, P는 199.4 mg%에서 110.5~149.5 mg%로 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. 총 무기질 함량은 톳이 첨가된 C처리구에서 1,155.1 mg%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 지방산 조성으로 포화지방산은 38.3%에서 30.4~32.1%로 감소하고 불포화지방산은 61.5%에서 68.1~69.6%로 증가하였는데, 다가 불포화지방산에서 현저하게 증가하는 경향이었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2006

본 실험은 강제환우가 난질 및 계란의 저장기간에 따른 계란품질의 변화를 구명하고자 실시하였다. 실험에 공시된 계란은 환우하지 않은 60주령된 ISA Brown 노계의 계란을 대조구 (Control), 55주령에 환우를 실시한 처리구1 (T1), 70주령에 환우를 실시한 처리구2 (T2)를 각각 240수씩 총 720수를 공시하였다. 사료는 시중에서 유통되고 있는 산란사료를 사용하였다. 산란율이 50%에 도달하였을 때 정상란을 채집하여 난각 및 내 외부 난질을 저장 1일, 3일, 6일, 9일, 12, 15일에 조사하였다. 난각강도는 강제환우를 시키지 않은 60주령의 일반란과 70주령에 환우를 실시한 처리구보다 55주령에 강제환우를 실시한 처리구에서 난각강도가 유의하게 (p<0.05) 높게 나타났다. 난각두께는 각 처리구간 혹은 저장기간별로 일정한 경향이 나타나지 않았다. 난각색과 난중은 대조구인 60주령과 환우처리를 실시한 두 처리구간 및 저장 기간에 따른 일정한 경향이 이를 나타나지 않았다. 난백고는 환우를 수행하지 않은 대조구가 환우를 실시한 두 처리구보다 더 높았으며 강제환우를 실시한 두 처리구간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 또한 저장기간이 길어질수록 환우처리에 관계없이 난백고가 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. Haugh unit는 강제환우 처리를 한 두 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). 또한 저장기간이 길수록 세 처리구 공히 Haugh unit가 현저하게 감소하여서, 난백고와 비슷한 경 향을 보였다. 난황색은 환우처리별, 혹은 저장기간 별로 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 산란계에 대한 강제환우는 난각강도를 개선하는 효과가 있었으나, 난백의 높이 및 Haugh unit는 오히려 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2009

본 실험은 mannan-oligosaccharide(MOS)와 fructo-oligosaccharides(FOS)가 산란계의 생산성과 소장 내 미생물 균총 및 혈액 내 항체 수준에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 사양 시험은 27주령의 산란계(Hy-Line Brown) 960수를 선별하여 A형 2단 케이지에 대조구 포함 총 6처리구로 구성하여 처리당 4반복, 반복당 40수씩 randomized block design으로 배치하였다. 시험 기간 동안 물과 사료는 자유 섭취하게 하였으며, 일반적인 점등 관리(자연 일조 + 조명; 16 h)를 실시하였다. 실험은 대조구, 항생제구; avilamycin 6 ppm, MOS 0.025%구, MOS 0.05%구, FOS 0.25%구, FOS 0.5%구 등 총 6처리구를 두어 실시하였다. 일계 산란율과 hen-housed 산란율은 처리구간에 유의적 차이가 있었다. 일계 산란율과 hen-housed 산란율은 MOS 0.025% 처리구가 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다. 난중, 사료 섭취량에서는 처리구간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, FOS 0.25%구가 다른 첨가구와 대조구에 비해 낮은 경향을 보였다. 난각 두께에서는 FOS 0.25% 처리구가 MOS 0.025% 첨가구에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 난각 강도, 난각 색깔 지수, 난황 색깔 지수에서는 처리구간에 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았다. Haugh unit는 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았지만 전반적으로 대조구에 비해 모든 첨가구들이 높은 경향을 보였다. 혈청 IgG 농도는 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 모든 첨가구들이 대조구에 비하여 높은 경향을 보여주었으며, 혈청 IgA 농도는 FOS 0.25% 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. Lactobacillus는 첨가구에서 유의하게 증가하고, Cl. perfrigens는 유의하게 감소하였으며, E. coli는 첨가구들에서 감소하는 경향이 있었다. 결론적으로 MOS와 FOS는 산란계에서 산란율을 증가시키는 경향이 있었고 혈중 IgA 및 장내 미생물 균총에도 유의한 영향을 미쳤다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.44-48
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• 1977

The spawning behavior and developmental pattern of the Korean eleotrid fish (Odontobutis obscurus) was investigated in one of the tributary of Han River. The spawining of this species begins on April and continues up to August, whereas, the spawning. of same species were between the end of June and the middle of July in Kyushu, Japan. August The spawning places were the margin of river, its the bottom composed of sand and pebble (Table 5). The velocity of water in the spawning places was 0-40cm/sec, and the depth of waters was 10-40cm. The egg was spawned on underside of stone in the spawning places with one or two folds and ellipsoid in shape, 3.4mm in long diameter and 2.0mm in short diameter. The yolk is 1.2mm in diameter and yellow in color. For hatching of the egg, it takes one month in, $16^{circ}C~19^{\circ}C$ water, in Japan, whereas it takes only 14 days in $20^{circ}C~30^{\circ}C$ wate rin the study area. The growth rate of larva and juvenile fish were as follows: new hatched larva is 45mm in length; after 5 days it became 5.0 to 5.5mm in length and 1.2 to 1.5mm in height after 20 days. it became 11.0mm in length and 2.3mm in length. The mean size of the mature female is 110mm in total length and larger 10mm than that of the same fish found in Japan.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.1275-1285
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• 2021

The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary palm kernel meal (PKM) and β-xylanase supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, fatty liver incidence, and excreta characteristics in laying hens. A total of 320 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (33 weeks of age) were allotted to 1 of 4 treatments with 8 replicates in a feeding trial. Each replicate consisted of 10 consecutive cages with 1 hen per cage. The corn-soybean meal-based control diet was prepared. Additional diet was prepared by including 10% of PKM in the control diet with a partial replacement of corn, soybean meal, and animal fat. In addition, 0.025% β-xylanase was supplemented at the expense of celite to those 2 diets to produce 4 treatment diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. All hens were provided the diet and water ad libitum for 8 weeks. Results indicated no significant interactions between inclusion of dietary PKM and β-xylanase for all measurements; therefore, the main effects were mainly discussed. Hens fed diets containing 10% PKM had greater (p < 0.05) feed intake and yolk color than those fed diets containing no PKM. However, dietary PKM did not influence fatty liver incidence and excreta characteristics. Dietary β-xylanase supplementation had no effects on all measurements, regardless of inclusion of PKM. In conclusion, PKM can be a potential feed ingredient for laying hens at the inclusion of 10% in the diet. It appears that dietary β-xylanase used in the current experiment has little effect on layer productivity, regardless of inclusion of 10% PKM in the diet.