• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.3-16
• /
• 1999

Motivated by a need to provide the basic data of standard recipes for Korean traditional food, Mandoo, this paper explores a historic research about the development of Mandoo classified by Mandoo-crust, Mandoo-filling, spice & condiment, garnish, size & shape and unit for measuring ingredients. The data for this study are obtained from the major old cooking books published in the period 1670-1957, such as ${\ulcorner}Eumsikdimibang{\lrcorner},$ ${\ulcorner}Leejogoongjoungyoritonggo{\lrcorner},$ and so on. The results of this study show that (1) starch, buckwheat flour and flour were used as Mandoo-crust and egg was added in order to improve cohesion, (2) cooked pheasant and beef were used as Mandoo-filling, (3) ginger had been used more generally than garlic as spice & condiment and later red pepper powder was added and pine nut was also widly used, (4) pan-fried meat, egg, and mushroom were used as garnish, (5) Mandoo of different kinds existed and had various sizes and shapes, (6) unit for measuring ingredients began to appear on printing in 1939. These findings provide us with opportunity, which leads to making the standard recipes for Mandoo so that anyone can easily have resources for cooking the traditional food, Mandoo.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2001

To study the ecological characteristics of the Korean native firefly, Luciola lateralis, development and life history of L. lateralis were investigated throughout the indoor rearing. Average size of egg with an oval shape was 0.51${\times}$0.56 mm and an egg period of L. tateralis was approximately 25.8 days. The larvae were pupated at the 5$^{th}$ instar and the body length of the matured larvae was 15.8mm. The total periods of larval stage to the end of the $5^{th}$ instar were approximately 271.7 days. Pupae formed soil cocoon and average pupal period was approximately 28.7 days. Average number of eggs oviposited by a female was approximately 97. The body size of female in the pupa and adult were larger that of male.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.307-316
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study is to observe the early life history of Korean Lefua costata and use the result as basic taxonomic research data for balitorid fish. The fertilized eggs were light green color with completely circle shape and mean size was 1.21±0.06 mm (n=30). Immediately after hatching, the size of the larvae was 2.81±0.11 mm (n=5) in mean length, with egg yolk. On the 3rd day after hatching, the preflexion larvae had a mean length of 4.64±0.09 mm (n=5), and their mouth was opened to start feeding. On the 8th day after hatching, a mean length of the postflexion larvae was 9.43±0.46 mm (n=5), the distal part of the notochord was bent to 45°, and 16 fin rays were developed on the caudal fin. On the 31st day after hatching, a mean length of juveniles was 22.3±0.85 mm (n=5), and the number of fin rays was the same as that of adult fish with (iv8) dorsal fins and (iii8) anal fins.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.155-161
• /
• 2011

Three spot gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus Pallas, 1770) is a teleost belonging to Belontiidae. The oogenesis of three spot gourami was investigated by light microscope. The ovary was of light peach color and ellipsoidal shape with the major axis 2 cm and the minor axis 1 cm. Cytoplasm of oogonia was basophilic and many nucleoli were located at inside of nuclear membrane. In primary oocyte, lipid droplets were distributed only in the marginal area first, than at nuclear envelope near. In secondary oocyte, the egg envelope was formed and yolk vesicles was formed in the marginal area. The basophilic substance of cytoplasm was changed to acidic. In case of matured egg, thickness of egg envelope and size of egg were increased. The yolk vesicles were changed to yolk mass in accordance with development. The fertilized eggs were the colorless, transparent, spherical, adhesive and pelagic type. A large oil droplet was located in vitelline membrane of the fertilized egg. In conclusion, the oogenesis of three spot gourami was characterized by the increase in cell size, the formations of lipid droplets and yolk, the decrease of basophilic substance in the cytoplasm, and formation of one large oil droplets.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.300-305
• /
• 2015

The characteristics of 11 spawning sites in the natural environment of the Korean endemic species, Liobagrus somjinensis were investigated in the Yocheon (stream) of Seomjingang (river), located in Sikjeong-dong, Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea from May to June 2015. The spawning sites had largely two parts, the upper region close to the surface of the waters and under region at bottom: the upper part was covered with a large and flat boulder over about 256 mm in size, whereas the under part consisted mainly of pebbles and sand. The large boulder put on the upper region may be seen as a bulwark for guarding eggs laid at the under (bottom) region. All the sites under the boulder showed a similar structure having a small hollow filled with an egg mass and an individual (male). The spawning bottoms left clean having no any benthic invertebrates and detritus. The egg shape was spherical, yellow and covered with a transparent membrane and the egg size was $3.31{\pm}0.15mm$ (n=30) in diameter. The development stage of each egg mass under the boulder was almost same from morula stage to formation stage of eye lens. The average number of eggs in 11 spawning sites was $121{\pm}35.5$ (84~176) and the average number of female fecundity in ovary was $143{\pm}31.3$ (110~232).

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 2018

This study is to observe species identification and early life history of Korean endemic species of Tanakia latimarginata and to use it as a basis for taxonomic studies. As a result of morphological identification, a dark band appeared at the margin of the anal fin, and the ovipositor color of the female was light orange. The shape of the egg was fusiform and sticky. The egg size (long${\times}$short diameter) averaged $4.41{\times}1.44mm$. The incubation time was 126 hours after the fertilization at an average water temperature of $21.0^{\circ}C$. Immediately after hatching, the larvae had egg yolk at an average total length of $5.91{\pm}0.18mm$ (n=5). At 18 days after hatching, the trunk fur was developed in the caudal fin with an average total length of $8.02{\pm}0.08mm$ (n=5). At 41 days after hatching, the larvae absorbed egg yolk at an average total length of $8.70{\pm}0.23mm$ (n=5). At 80 days after hatching, the average length of the fins was $12.6{\pm}0.28mm$ (n=5). The number of fin of the dorsal fin was iii.8, the anal fin iii.9~10, the caudal fin 19, lateral line scales 32~35 were similar to their brood stork.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.57-63
• /
• 2021

This study was carried out to clarify the egg, larvae and juveniles development of Carassius cuvieri in Nakdong River, Gyeongbuk. The amount of spawning of female C. cuvieri was about 30,400~44,900 (average 37,650±7,250). The egg shape was circular and the size was 1.24~1.37 mm (average 1.31±0.04 mm, n=30). At 100 hours after fertilization, more than of the total embryos were hatched. The newly hatched larvae had an 4.69~5.65 mm in total length (average 5.15±0.31 mm, n=10) and had egg yolk in the abdomen. At 3 days after hatching, the preflexion larvae absorbed all egg yolk was 6.27~6.70 mm in total length (average 6.59±0.08 mm, n=10). On the 10 days after hatching, the postflexion larvae were 8.71~8.92 mm in total length (average 8.81±0.07 mm, n=10), and the tip of the caudal fin was bent at 45°. On the 42 days after hatching, the total length of 15.1~16.8 mm (average 15.8±0.57 mm, n=10) was transferred to juvenile as the number of fins was (iii17 dorsal fins, iii4 anal fins) reached a constant number of each part.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2012

The egg development and early life history of Acheilognathus macropterus from Japan which is an exotic bitterling from China were observed under the controlled water temperature, $20.0{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$. Fertilized eggs are opaque yellow in color and long elliptic globe shaped measuring $2.78{\pm}0.12mm$ in length and $1.44{\pm}0.04mm$ in breadth. The number of egg averaged 151 per an oviposition. The eggs of this species began to hatch about seventy eight hours after insemination and the mean of total length of larvae were 3.8 mm. S form moving of larvae were observed from three days after hatching. The larvae reached at the heterotrophic stage about twenty-five days after hatching. Morphological character and analysis of cytochrome DNA of this species from Japan were relatively similar to Korean but spawned egg shape was different remarkably. Taxonomical research is necessary in the future.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.195-207
• /
• 1995

In order to study the embryonic development and hatching of wild long shanny, Stichaeus grigorjewi, were caught with the gill nets in the East Sea of Korea, and stocked at indoor tanks to induce natural spawning in February 25, 1994 and February 16 to 24, 1995. They were already matured when stocked, and average body length (50.66 cm) and body weight (1,192.74 g) of 57 females and average body length (48.62 cm) and body weight (612.58g) of 43 males were recorded. Before stocking, they were inserted with identification tags(ID tags) in the dorsal muscle, and spawning was traced by the portable reader (Destron/lDl Ltd.) Forty females among 57 spawned successfully in the average of 4 days after stocking. Females spawned almost all eggs contained in the ovaries at one time in the form of an egg mass and averaging 227,200 eggs Per egg mass. The egg mass was oval in shape, translucent milky in color, 20.32cm long axis and 14.57cm short axis in size, and 803.7g in weight. Male parents guarded their egg masses and circulated water with the tail part of the body. Fertilized egg was spherical in shape, and their average diameter was 1.54 mm. Each egg had a containing single oil globule, and it's average diameter was 0.37 mm. The average water temperature was $13.2^{\circ}C$ and incubation times after fertilization were 5 hours 25 minutes up to 2-cell stage, 13 hours up to morula stage, and 66 hours 35 minutes up to embryo formation stage. Hatching rate was approximately 10 percent in 368 hours 50 minutes after fertilization, and approxionateoly 90 percent of eggs were hatched in 425 hours 30 minutes after fertilization.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.31-66
• /
• 1991

This paper deals with the reproductive ecology e.g., number of the pre-spawning moults, morphological characteristics of the pre-spawning moult the common moult, daily ration druing a molting cycle mating behavior, structures of spermatozoa and spermatophore, structure of vas deferens, mechanisms of the oviposition and brooding into the egg-chambers, a suitable time for the artificial mating and fertilization, time sequence of the oviposition and brooding into egg-chambers from the copulation, responses to temperature and chlorinity on the egg development and hatching, effect of temperatures on duration of egg development, physical mechanism of the egg hatching, to make an attempt for the artificial spawning and brooding to establish a suitable system of the artificial seedling-production for the aquaculture. 1. Females molted commonly $8{\~}10$ times at an interval of $17{\~}18$ days at $28^{\circ}C,\;3.26\~4.35\%_{\circ}$ while the prespawning moltings were $4{\~}5$ times at an interval of $13{\~}14$ days. The suitable state for artificial copulation was within 14 hours elapsed from the prespawning moltings (most suitable state was within 8 hours). Males discharged a gelatinous spermatophore and placed it on the females sternum during copulation. Oviposition was seen $6{\~}17$ hours after copulation. External fertilization was considered to take place at oviposition. Fertilized eggs held in egg-chambers forming between pleopods were about $5000{\~}6000$ in females those sizes about 6.5 cm in body length. 2. Eggs immediately after oviposition were elliptic shape, measuring $0.58{\times}0.48$ mm up to hatching. Their sizes increased with egg development and finally reached $0.85{\times}0.54$ mm up to hatching. The relationship between the long axis of the egg(Y in U) and days elapsed(X) was expressed as Y= 5.60194 + 0.007358X. The eggs performed superficial cleavage and their cleavage furrows became visible at the 4-daughter-nucleus stage. The eggs showed normal development up to hatching at water temperature range of $22{\~}30^{\circ}C$ (optimum temperature : $26{\~}28^{\circ}C$) and at chlorinity range of $0.00\~6.64\%_{\circ}$ (optimun chlorinity : $2.21{\%}_{\circ}$). The relationship between incubation period (Y in days) and water temperature(X in $^{\circ}C$) could be expressed as Y= 50.803-1.3555X. The eggs hatched $12{\~}13$ days after oviposition at $28.0{\~}28.6^{\circ}C$ 3. The pre-spawning moltings were appreciably different in the morphologic structure from those of common moltings. Breeding setae and dresses were formed on the thoracic regions, abdominal epimerae and the bases of the first to fourth pleopods in order to prepare and support oviposition, transfering and supporting eggs in egg-chambers up to hatching. These supplementary breeding organs were observed only at reproductive seasons.