• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제11권3로
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• pp.177-188
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• 2005

In this study, the thermal environmental factors in a layer f(arm such as dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature and illumination intensity were measured and analyzed to serve as basis for effective design and plan of poultry houses. The correlation analysis between the different factors was also done. Heat Index as measure of the thermal stress was also calculated and analyzed. A $1,000m^2$ laying house, 4 meters high with 52,000 layers in six-stage type cages was used in the measurement of the different environmental parameters. The results were as follows; 1. The temperature of the inside air and materials was directly related to the increase in aerial temperature based on the dry-bulb, black globe temperature reading. The correlation factor of the outside to inside air based on dry bulb setting was very significant at 0.927 The dry bulb temperature for inside temperature ranged from $19.9\~28.8^{\circ}C\;with\;SD+2.2^{\circ}C$ while that of the outside air was $16.2\~33.1^{\circ}C,\;SD+3.5^{\circ}C$. In addition, the temperature of the inside air was very stable. 2. The black globe temperature of the inside air ranged from $20.1\~28.8^{\circ}C,\;SD+2.3^{\circ}C$ while that of the outside air was $16.2\~47.5^{\circ}C,\;SD+6.0^{\circ}C$. 3. The relative humidity of the outside and inside air was $72.4\~100\;and\;50.2\~85.6\%$ with an average of $89.2\;and\;71.7\%$, respectively. 4. The illumination intensity in the laying house was less than 7 lux, with an average of $1.2\~2.5lux$ relative to height indicating that the laying house was well isolated from outside radiation. 5. The heat index of the inside air of the laying house had a high variation from $20.5^{\circ}C,\;SD+2.5^{\circ}C$ while that of the outside air was $13.1\~45.5^{\circ}C$, with an average of $21.6^{\circ}C,\;SD+6.3^{\circ}C$.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.27-48
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• 1984

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 한계상태(限界狀態) 설계(設計) 이론(理論)에 의한 철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 뼈대구조물(構造物)에 관(關)한 것이다. 한계상태이론(限界狀態理論)에 의한 철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 뼈대구조물(構造物)에 대한 최적설계(最適設計)의 문제형성(問題形成)은 철근(鐵筋)의 단면적(斷面積), 단면(斷面)의 폭(幅)과 유효고(有效高) 그리고 모멘트 감소율(減少率)을 설계변수(設計變數)로 취급(取扱)하는 비선형(非線型) 계획(計劃) 문제(問題)로 된다. 목적함수(目的凾數)는 철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 뼈대구조물(構造物)의 철근(鐵筋)과 콘크리트 및 거푸집의 비용(費用)을 고려(考慮)하는 총(總) 건설경비(建設經費)로 형성(形成)되고, 기본(基本) 제약조건식(制約條件式)들은 극한(極限) 한계상태(限界狀態)와 사용성(使用性) 한계상태(限界狀態)의 개념(槪念)을 내포하고 있다. 또한 CP110과 Hognestad et al. 이론(理論)에서 가정(假定)된 응력분포도(應力分布圖)를 극한(極限) 한계상태(限界狀態)를 위해 극한(極限) 저항단면력(抵抗斷面力)을 해석(解析)하는데 적용(適用)되었고, 사용성(使用性) 한계상태(限界狀態)를 위해서는 CP110의 규준(規準)만을 사용(使用)한다. 철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 뼈대구조물(構造物)의 최적화(最適化)를 위한 비선형(非線型) 계획(計劃) 문제(問題)를 풀기 위해서 적용(適用)된 최적화(最適化) 기법(技法)은 수정(修正) Newton-Raphson 법(法)을 이용한 SUMT 알고리즘이다. 본(本) 알고리즘을 2종(種)의 뼈대구조물(構造物)에 시행(試行)해 보았고, 본(本) 알고리즘의 수감성(收歛性), 적용가능성(適用可能性) 및 안정성(安定性)을 검토(檢討)하기 위해 문헌(文獻)(10)의 수치결과(數値結果)와도 비교분석(比較分析)하였다. 결론적(結論的)으로 수치분석(數値分析)을 통(通)하여 CP110과 Hognestad et al.의 경제성(經濟性) 비교(比較)와 본(本) 알고리즘의 적용가능성(適用可能性), 안정성(安定性), 수감성(收歛性) 및 확실성(確實性) 등에 대하여 논의(論議)되었다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.111-124
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• 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to suggest effective methods for not only preventing college students from being exposed to smoking but also helping them stop smoking, by examining and analysing a variety of factors related to their smoking behavior. Methods: To accomplish the purpose, this study was carried out using 1,553 valid questionnaires selected from 1,584 questionnaires completed and returned by 1,800 randomly chosen students of 2 colleges and 3 universities in Gyeongsangbuk-do Province and Daegu City during the period of April 3 through April 21, 2006. Results: It was turned out that while the total smoking rate of whole students was 52.4% in male students and 9.1% in female students, the smoking rate after their admission to the college was 27.1% in males and 1.5% in females. It was also shown that both the perceived susceptibility and barrier factors of Health Belief Model were statistically significant, and that the perceived seriousness factors were entirely significant in all other variables except the body seriousness. The perceived benefit factors were significant in only the variable that there would not be any improvement in academic performance even after stopping smoking. A relation between smoking and stop smoking program or smoking prevention program showed that the non-smoking rate was significantly high among the college students who participated in such programs while in middle school. When variables having a significant effect on smoking students after their admission were analysed, it was shown that the smoking rate was higher among males than females students, and that the more the number of smoking friends is and the more the number of students thinking that stop smoking would make it difficult to release stress and make friends is, the higher the smoking rate is among students. It is required, therefore, to encourage students to continuously participate in more smoking prevention programs from middle school, and to put an emphasis on a variety of smoking-related illnesses and advantages from non-smoking. Conclusions: Since the current smoking rate among college students is relatively high but most of the smoking students surveyed are ready to actually try to stop smoking, it will be possible to significantly reduce the smoking rate among college students if proper methods are suggested to eliminate barrier factors they face while participating in the stop smoking programs.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.439-452
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• 1997

Mothers of handicapped children experience many problems and difficulties related to the child's prolonged dependency and demands for special care. Social support can be identified as stress-relieving factor, social support is considered to decrease the amount of negativeness in an individual or family. This study attempted to identify the level of burden and social support in mothers of children who are handicapped, and to determine whether social support is an effective strategy for burden relief in these mothers. The method used in the study was a correlational descriptive survey using a questionnaire. The subjects for the study were 42 mothers who have the handicapped children, between two to twelve years of age, being treated at S General Welfare House for Handicapped and S Rehabilitation Center in Seoul. The data were collected during 1 month from March 20 to April 20, 1996. The instruments used for this study was a structured questionnaire which was the Burden scale developed by Suh Mihae and Oh Kasil(1993) and the PRQ(Personal Resource Questionnaire) scale developed by Brandt & Weinert(1981). The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS computer program, yielding frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, $x^{2}$-test, Pearson's correlation coefficienct, t-test and ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows ; 1)The range of age in the subjects was $29{\sim}44$ years, the range age in the handicapped children was $2{\sim}12$ years. 2) The mean score of burden, for the mothers of the handicapped children was 2.75(standard deviation was 0.47) of a possible total of 5. 3) The mean score of social support, for the mothers of the handicapped children was 4.99 (standard deviation was 0.59) of a possible total of 7. 4) There was an negative correlations hip between burden level and the social support, but there was no statistically significant correlationship between burden level and the social support(r = -.2252, p = .076) 5) In the general characteristics influencing on the burden level was significantly related with the sex(t = - 2.87, p = .007) and the degree of child's handicap level(F = 11.8680, p = .000l). In the general characteristics influencing on the social support was significantly related with the family(husband) support(F = 3.5199, p = .0240). There were significant differences in the mother's levels of burden depending upon the severity of child's handicap. In other words, the degree of mother's burden was directly proportionate to the degree of child's handicap level. There were significant differences in the mother's levels of social support depending upon the family(husband) support. In conclusion, on the basis of the results of this study, there was no statistically significant correlationship between burden level and the social support. Above results suggest that strategies for the intervention programs in diminishing the mother's burden and reinforcing the social support.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2015

토마토의 착과와 수확량은 여름철 비닐하우스내 고온스트레스로 인하여 감소하게 된다. 본 연구는 여름철 화천지역에 위치한 비닐하우스에서 지베렐린($GA_3$)과 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid(2,4-D) 처리가 토마토의 수확량, 착과율, 착과 후 과실품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 'Adoration' 품종을 이용하여 실험하였다. $GA_3$ 0-, 5-, 10-, $15mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$와 2,4-D 0-, 5-, $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$를 개화 초기에 처리한 후 착과율, 수확량, 과실품질과 관련된 형질을 관찰한 결과, $GA_3$ $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$처리구에서 대조구에 비해 14.2%의 착과율 증가를 보였다. $GA_3$처리구에서는 수확량, 과중, 상품과실 수에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 2,4-D를 개화기에 처리했을 경우 착과율, 수확량, 상품과의 과중에 영향을 미쳤으며 $GA_3$과 2,4-D를 각각 $5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 농도로 혼합처리 하였을 때 가장 높은(62.5%) 착과율을 나타내었다. 과실크기와 고형물함량은 $GA_3$처리구에서만 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다. 따라서 여름철 비닐하우스의 고온조건에서 $GA_3$ $0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$처리구와 2,4-D $5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$를 처리했을 때 착과율이 가장 높아 많은 수확량을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.89-98
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• 1991

Clinical study on the 114 facial paralysis patients, visited Won Kwang University Oriental Medical Hospital in Kwang ju from July 1990 to Jun 1991, was carried out. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Prevalence was almost same in both sexes and high in the age of 3 and 4 decades but distributed in an age group. 2. Majority of the patients were nomotensive, which meant blood pressure did not affect the incidence. 3. The incidence distributed in every occupations but high in housewife as 37 cases ($32\%$) and decreased gradually in office employee, labor worker, student and merchant in order. 4. Overwork, wind and cold, emotional stress, and numerous implicated agents were etiological factor. 5. The paralysis mostly occured in summer and winter as 40($35\%$) and 37 cases($32\%$) respectively, 18($16\%$) and 19cases($17\%$) were recorded respectively in spring and autumn. 6. The majority of patients showed only facial muscle paralysis without other complications, whose cure rate was $60\%$ (47 cases). The patients with auditory impairment or taste loss was less common and cure rate was low. 7. The number of the patients with migraine or mastoid pain was 81($71\%$), which was more than 33 patients($29\%$) with such pain. The cure rate was high in the patients without migraine than with migraine as a raito of 64 to $46\%$. 8. Most of duration from attack to admission were in a week as 86 cases($75\%$) and the patients with duration over 4 weeks 11 cases($10\%$). The cure rate of the patients in a week, was 54 cases($60\%$) and the patients over 4 weeks was none($0\%$), which meant shorter the duration was, the beter the result was. 9. Response on electro acupuncture on initiating therapy showed good in 39 cases($34\%$) the majority group, moderate in 37 cases, exellent in 29 cases and poor in 5 cases. 10. The results of treatment were as follows : asymptomatic in 58 cases($51\%$), improved n 40cases($35\%$), effective in 10 cases($9\%$) and ineffective in 6 cases($5\%$). 11. Cure rate according to the response on electro acupuncture showed $72\%$ in exellent group, $59\%$ in good group, $27\%$ in moderate groop, and $0\%$ in poor group. These show the better the response on the electro-acupuncture is, the higher the cure rate is, which will be able to indicate the prognosis of facial paralysis.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.41-70
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• 1999

쏘일네일 또는 지반앵커와 같은 보강재는 지하굴착 및 사면의 안정성 확보를 위해 효율적으로 적용될 수 있음이 여러 지반공학자들에게 널리 알려져 있다. 그러나 경우에 따라서는, 쏘일네일과 지반앵커를 굴착면 상하 또는 좌우에 복합적으로 적용하여 지반굴착이 진행되는 시공사례가 종종 있어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 한계평형적 접근에 근거하여, 이와같은 상하 또는 좌우 쏘일네일-지반앵커 복합 지지시스템의 전체적인 안정성을 평가할 수 있는 해석법을 제시하였다. 이 과정에서 예상 파괴흙쐐기의 형상은 $FLAC^{2D}\; 및\; FLAC^{3D}$ 프로그램 해석결과를 토대로 결정하였다. 또한 관입전단파괴에 대한 안정성 확보를 위해 요구되는 본 쏘일네일-지반앵커 복합 지지시스템의 전면부 숏크리트 벽체의 두께를 검토하였다. 아울러 쏘일네일 구조체와 지반앵커 구조체가 서로 접하게 되는 경계영역에서는 응력집중, 상대변위 및 이로 인한 전단력 유발 등 전면벽체에 대한 추가 안정성 검토가 요구된다. 이를 위해, 경계영역에서의 상대변위를 예측키 위한 간편 유한요소해석기법을 제시하였으며, 또한 충분한 안정성 확보를 위해 숏크리트 전면벽체의 두께가 과도하게 요구되는 문제점을 적절히 해결하기 위해 수정된 지압판 시스템을 제시하였다. 아울러 관련 설계변수들의 영향에 대한 다양한 분석과 더불어, 예측된 상대변위를 $FLAC^{2D}$프로그램 해석결과와 서로 비교하여 제시된 간편 유한요소해석기법의 적용 가능성을 평가하였다.

• 지질공학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-37
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• 1991

제주도 북서부 지역의 지질은 제4기 플라이스토세에서 홀로세에 형성된 현무암류의 용암체와, 해안변을 따라 분포하는 화산쇄층성 집적층인 성산층, 그리고 기생화산(cindercone)이 30 여개나 분포하고 있다. 이 현무암류(표선리 및 시흥리 현무암 등)들은 주상절리가 심히 발달하고, 다량의 기공을 형성하고 있다. 이 용암들 사이에는 용암공동(lavacave)이 발달하고 있으며, 용암공동에는 화산쇄층물 및 점토층이 협재되어 있다. 내재물들이 지하수에 의해 유거되면, 주상절리가 발달된 이 용암체는 부식, 함역 및 침하를 일으킨다. 특히 이들 용암체의 기공상(크기, 모양, 방향성)은 암체의 공학적 성질(암석의 강도 등)을 좌우하게 된다. 이 기공상은 본 현무암체의 피상강도지배요소가 되어, 이 암체에 대한 유효강도비(Ke, Ke=0.30-0.72)를 도출하였다. 여기서 Ke값이 적을수록 낮은 내부응력을 의미한다. 본역에서는 저위지편보다 고위지편일수록 암체강도가 낮은 성향을 보인다. 또한 피상강도각($\phi$)은 $\phi$=30$^{\circ}$-$10^{\circ}$의 범위로서, 본 화산암체는 대체로 낮은 피상강도각을 나타내고 있다. 따라서 본 암체의 피상 극한한계치인 0.33을 기준으로 할 때, 거의 대부분이 Ke>0.33이 되어 지질공학적 불안정영역에 속하는 암체라 할 수 있다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.49-69
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• 2011

Objective : The object of this study was to observe the effects of Lonicerae Flos (LF) aqueous extracts on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat acute lung injury. Method : Five different dosages of LF extracts were orally administered once a day for 28 days before LPS treatments, and then all rats were sacrificed after 5 hour-treatment of LPS. Eight groups of 16 rats each were used in the present study. The following parameters caused by LPS treatment were observed ; body weights, lung weights, pulmonary transcapillary albumin transit, arterial gas parameters (pH, $PaO_2$ and $PaCO_2$) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) contents, total cell numbers, neutrophil and alveolar macrophage ratios, lung malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), proinflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ contents. In addition, the histopathologic changes were observed in the lung in terms of luminal surface of alveolus, thickness of alveolar septum, number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Result : As results of LPS-injection, dramatical increases in lung weights, pulmonary transcapillary albumin transit increases, increases in $PaCO_2$, decreases in pH of arterial blood and $PaO_2$, increases of BALF protein, LDH, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ contents, total cells, neutrophil and alveolar macrophage ratios, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ contents increases were detected with decreases in LSA and increases of alveolar septum and PMNs numbers, respectively as compared with intact control. These are means that acute lung injuries (resembling acute respiratory distress syndrome) are induced by treatment of LPS mediated by inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and related lipid peroxidation in the present study. However, these LPS-induced acute lung injuries were inhibited by 28 days continuous pretreatment of 250 and 500mg/kg of LF extracts. Because of lower three dosages of LF treated groups, 31.25 and 62.5 and 125mg/kg did not showed any favorable effects as compared with LPS control, the effective dosages of LF in LPS-induced acute lung injuries in the present study, is considered as about 125mg/kg. The effects of 250mg/kg of LF extracts showed almost similar effects with ${\alpha}$-lipoic acid 60mg/kg in preventing LPS-induced acute lung injuries. Conclusion : It seems that LF play a role in protecting the acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by LPS.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2019

More effective treatments are needed for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We hypothesized that water extracts of blackberry fruits (BF) and leaves (BL) and their combinations (BFL) reduce fat deposition in HepG2 cells and modulate shor-tchain fatty acids (SCFA) and fecal bacteria in vitro. HepG2 cells were treated with BF, BL, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 for 1 h, and 0.5 mM palmitate was added to the cells. Moreover, low ($30{\mu}g/mL$) and high doses ($90{\mu}g/mL$) of BL and BF were applied to fecal bacteria in vitro, and SCFA was measured by GC. BL, BF, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 reduced triglyceride deposition in the cells in a dose-dependent manner, and BFL1:2 and BFL1:3 had a stronger effect than BF. The content of malondialdehyde, an index of oxidative stress, was also reduced in BL, BF, and BFL1:2 with increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. The mRNA expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c was reduced in BL, BF, BFL1:2, and BFL1:3 compared to the control, and BFL1:2 had the strongest effect. By contrast, the carnitine palmitolytransferase-1expression, a regulator of fatty acid oxidation, increased mostly in BFL1:2 and BFL1:3. Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ expression was reduced in BL compared to that in BF and BFL1:2 in HepG2 cells. Interestingly, BL increased propionate production, and BF increased butyrate and propionate production and increased total SCFA content in fecal incubation. BF increased the contents of Bifidobacteriales and Lactobacillales and decreased those of Clostridiales, whereas BL elevated the contents of Bacteroidales and decreased those of Enterobacteriales. In conclusion, BFL1:2 and BFL1:3 may be potential therapeutic candidates for NAFLD.