• 한국노년학
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.763-780
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine whether middle-aged people's anxiety about economic well-being in old age affects problem drinking and to verify whether there is relationship between anxiety about economic well-being in old age and to examine the problem drinking could be mitigated by social supports. We used the 2015 Korean Adults' Psycho-Social Anxiety Survey data. To detect the moderating effect of social supports, we employed a method of hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The result of the study showed that the higher the anxiety about economic well-being in old age among middle-aged adults, the higher was the likelihood of problem drinking. Moreover, the relationship between anxiety about economic well-being in old age and problem drinking could be moderated by social supports. Based on the empirical findings, this study suggests that education to deal with middle-aged people's anxiety about economic well-being in old age should be developed and recommends that counseling and community programs for social supports to be implemented as a preventive approach.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.17-33
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• 2011

This study summarizes the research history of fluvial terraces in Korea and examines the geomorphic properties of fluvial terraces in Korea based on the previous works. The research history of fluvial terraces in Korea can be divided into the three periods. The theories of fluvial terraces were spread by the early geomorphologists during the period of Japanese colonial era to mid-1980s. The dissertations on the fluvial terraces were intensively published during the late 1980s to 1990s and their discussions were the center of geomorphology researches in Korea. Since 2000s, the discussions have become more mature and researches have been quantitatively increased as the various methodologies have been developed. The fluvial terraces in Korea are mostly developed in the western and eastern parts of the Taebaek Mountains, upper and middle reaches of Han and Nakdong River, and in the western slopes of Sobaek Mountains, middle reaches of Namhan River, upper and middle reaches of Geum and Seomjin River. Along these rivers in actively uplifted areas, fluvial terraces with much higher altitude from riverbed are observable and incision rates are relatively high. In the sense of the formation ages, they have developed in not regular patterns by the climatic changes during the Quaternary, but in more complicated aspects by the environmental conditions such as climate, hydrology, geology and geomorphology in the specific drainage basins.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.59-67
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• 2023

This study aims to examine how individual variables (motivation to participate, leadership life skills, aging awareness), interpersonal variables (relations with subjects, colleagues, and employees), and institutional variables (recognition compensation, institutional education) affect the continuity of volunteer activities. To this end, a survey was conducted on women aged 40 to 64 working at volunteer centers and local volunteer institutions in Seoul for 20 days from August 2, 2019, and a total of 300 questionnaires were distributed and 298 copies were collected, of which 180 were used for the final analysis. For data analysis, frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis were conducted. As a result of the analysis, it was found that leadership life skills and motivation for participation, relationships with colleagues as interpersonal variables, and recognition compensation as institutional variables had a positive effect on the continuity of volunteer activities. This study aims to provide practical and policy suggestions to revitalize and maintain the continuity of volunteer activities of middle-aged women, and basic data for the development of programs to be used in the field of practice.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-26
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• 2011

This study tried to investigate the relationships among the sought benefits, consumer-brand relationship and purchase experiences with regard to cosmetics, based on Scmitt (1999)'s Strategic Experiential Modules (SEM) which classified consumer's purchase experiences into five modules (sense, feel, think, act & relate) and provide strategic implications based on the results. According to the result, among the sought benefits of cosmetics, functionality had the most significant impact on purchase experience, and brand affected "sense" and "think-act-relate" experiential modules. Fashion was only found to affect "feel" module. Also, the "think-act-relate" module positively affected all components of consumer-brand relationship. And, "love and passion" component was significantly influenced by sensory experience, while "mutual commitment" and "affinity" were both affected by affective experience. In addition, gender difference was found in fashion, economy, and functionality among the sought benefits, Specifically, women showed higher score on fashion and functionality than men, while men scored higher in economy benefit than women. Also gender was a differentiating factor for "feel" and "think-act-relate" experiential modules, where women scored higher than men. Finally, In terms of causal relationships, "functionality" influenced all three experiential modules (sense, feel, think-act-relate) for both men and women. But, women showed more significant relationship between brand and sensory module, whereas men showed significant relationship between brand and think-act-relate module. At conclusion, the study provides some strategic implications that cosmetics companies need to strengthen brand relationship with consumers in order to provide them with targeted purchase experiences that fit the benefits most sought by them, which will result in competitive strengths.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.361-380
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate a moderating effect of social work practitioners' support between psychological crisis and social participation of divorced retired men. For this, psychological crisis, social participation, and social work practitioners' support were completed by 248 divorced retired men registered during the last five years in Hope Job Center for the middle aged group in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Correlation analysis was performed to determine the general trend of the measured variables based on the collected data, simple regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between variables, and hierarchical regression analysis was performed to examine the moderating effect. The results of this study are as follows. First, psychological crisis was found to have a negative correlation with social participation and social work practitioners' support. Second, social worker practitioners' support between psychological crisis and social participation showed a significant moderating effect. Based on these findings, this study is significant in terms of providing needs for interventions of social support through methods such as programs for psychological support and education about social participation for divorced retired men.

• Korean small business review
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.1-24
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is verifying with corporate financial data that the required investment amount flow shows a similar pattern as times passed, in new product development by start-up company. In the previous paper, the same authors proposed the required investment amount flow as a 'New Product Investment Curve (NPIC)'. In this study, we have studied further in various types of companies. The samples used are accounting data of 462 companies selected from 5,873 Korean companies which were finished external audit in 2015. The results of this study are as follows; The average investment period was 3 years for the listed companies, while 6 years for the unlisted companies. The investment payback period was 6 years for listed companies, while 17 years for unlisted companies. The investment payback period of the company supported by big affiliate company (We call 'greenhouse company') was 14~15 years, while 17 years for real venture companies. When we divide all companies into 4 groups in terms of R&D cost and variable cost ratio, NPIC explanatory power of 'high R&D and high variable cost ratio group (Automobile Assembly Business) is best. Among the eight investment cost indexes proposed to estimate the investment amount, the 'cash 1' (operating cash flow+fixed asset excluding land & building+intangible asset, deferred asset change)/year-end total assets) turned out to be the most effective index to estimate the investment flow patterns. The conclusion is that NPIC explanatory power is somewhat reduced when we estimate all companies together. However, if we estimate the sample companies by characteristics such as listed, unlisted, greenhouse, and venture company, the proposed NPIC was verified to be effective by showing the required investment amount pattern.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Bacillus fermentation broth (ENM) on the human NK cell activity, and bone matrix density, matrix content and area of hamsters fed ENM. Methods: NK cell activity was tested, and bone mineral density were measured by x-ray. Results: NK cell activity was significantly higher in the control group (644.71 pg/ml) and in the test group (1796.37 pg/ml) (p<.004). Test groups were significantly increased by 1110.37 pg/ml in the pre-test and 1796.37 pg/ml in the post-test(p<.001). Behavioral observations after feeding ENM to hamsters showed normal behavior with no difference between control and test groups. The hamster body weight of the control was 106 g at the initial and final 27 days. In the test group, the initial weight was 96.6 g and the final 27 days was 114 g. No morphological changes were observed in the X-ray photographs of the hamster hind legs. The bone matrix density was 0.059 g/cm³ in control and 0.062 g/cm³ in the test, which was increased by 0.003 g/cm³. The bone matrix content was 0.175 g in the control and 0.196 g in the test. The bone area was 2.95 cm² in the control and 3.19 cm² in the test, which was increased by 0.19 cm². In the autopsy, neither the control nor the test group showed any remarkable abnormality, and each organ was normal. Conclusions: It is thought that ingestion of ENM is useful for immunity enhancement.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-39
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and learning organization culture. This study was conducted in five sub-organizations of one Korean conglomerate company. One thousand employees were randomly and proportionately selected, with 669 useable cases obtained, for a response rate of 67%. The organizational commitment instrument used from the "affective, continuance, and normative commitment" scale (ACNCS) of Allen and Meyer (1990). The "Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire" of Watkins and Marsick (1997) was used to measure learning organization culture. The short form MSQ (Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire), developed by Weiss, Dawis, England, and Lofquist (1967), was the third instrument used. Descriptive statistics, correlational statistics, and inferential statistics (ANOVA and t-tests) were used. Organizational commitment (except for continuance) is moderately and positively related to job satisfaction and moderately and positively related to learning organization culture. In addition, learning organization culture is weakly to moderately and positively related to job satisfaction. No differences by age were found. Four-year college graduates are more likely to have higher creating continuous learning opportunities in learning organization culture than graduate school degree holders. Males are likely to have higher affective and continuance organizational commitment than females. Employees working in R&D, Engineering, and Manufacturing (REM) are likely to have higher continuance organizational commitment than do other types of jobs. Employees are more likely to have higher learning organization culture and job satisfaction than assistant managers. Assistant managers have higher continuance organizational commitment than managers. Managers generally have higher organizational commitment, learning organization culture, job satisfaction than assistant managers. They also have higher learning organization culture than employees. Employees who had worked for less than four years in their current job and organization have higher promoting inquiry and dialogue in learning organization culture than those who have worked for ten years or more. Employees in the insurance organization have higher affective organizational commitment, learning organization culture, and job satisfaction than those of the other organizations. Finally, employees of the electronic company have higher continuance organizational commitment in learning organization culture than those of other companies. In summary, this research enables CEOs and HRD and HRM practitioners to view organizational commitment, learning organization culture, and job satisfaction as important variables in exploring diverse ranges of topics related to the workplace. And then, they can diversely apply their management, interventions and practices to fit these diverse characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.197-219
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• 2010

This study examines the influence of parental social support and resiliency of efficacy on stress, depression and stress management behavior. A total of 799 participants (male=386, female=413), consisting of 184 elementary school, 354 middle school, 274 university students completed a questionnaire that included Rhode Island Stress Scale (Horiuchi, Tsuda, Tanaka, Yajima & Tsuda, in press), Stress Management Behavior Scale (Evers, Prochaska, Johnson, Mauriello, Padula & Prochaska, 2006), Becks' Depression Inventory (BDI-II, Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996; CES-D, Radloff, 1977), Resiliency of Efficacy (Bandura, 1995), and Parental Social Support (Kim & Park, 1999). The results of path analysis are as follows. First, resiliency of Efficacy had a direct and negative effect on stress and depression and direct positive effect on stress management. Second, stress management behavior did not have any influence on stress. Third, parental social support had a direct and positive effect on resiliency of efficacy. This pattern of results were found for elementary school, middle school and university students. When depression was measured by CES-D Scale (Center for Epidemiological Study of Depression) parental social support and resiliency of efficacy had a different parental of influence on stress, depression and stress management behavior, pointing out the importance of conducting comparative analysis of various measures of depression.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.262-274
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• 2023

Background: Exposure levels for heavy metals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) have increased due to human activities. They are known to be a public health concern. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the exposure levels to heavy metals in the blood and urine of South Korean adults and to present the contribution rate of exposure pathways using an exposure algorithm for men aged 19~64, women aged 19~64, and all seniors aged 65 or older. Methods: We analyzed data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 4 (2018~2020). A total of 2,646 participants aged ≥19 years were included. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the factors affecting heavy metal concentrations. The contribution rate was calculated by applying three exposure algorithms for ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure. Results: Factors that commonly affect heavy metal concentrations in blood and urine were gender and age. The main influencing factors for Pb and Cd were education level and smoking status, while frequency of fish consumption and of alcohol consumption were indicated to be the main influencing factors for mercury. The contribution rates of lead and cadmium from food ingestion were 78.03~79.62% and 88.39~92.89%, respectively. Additionally, the highest contribution for mercury was accounted for by food at 81.69~85.77%. As a result of the risk assessment, cadmium was found to pose a potential health risk a with total cancer risk (TCR) of more than 1×10^-6. Conclusions: The KoNEHS could be an important study for determining the level of exposure to heavy metals and their influencing factors. Integrated exposure to heavy metals could assess the main exposure pathways, and this methodology could be applied to exposure management of heavy metals.