• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.159-172
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• 2008

This study was carried out to obtain ecological information necessary for a conservation plan based on the distributional patterns, wetland types, and hydrophytic characteristics of urban wetlands in Seongnam City, Kyunggi Province where representing the various patterns of land use made by rapid urbanization since 1970s. Total 162 sites of four wetland types were identified as urban wetlands during the first survey. The sites were classified into 55 forested swamps, 4 riverine wetlands, 62 abandoned paddy fields, 37 small ponds, and 4 reservoirs, etc. The second survey targeted 107 sites which were identified as good wetlands. It showed that 42 sites(about 39%) were already degraded due to drainage, landfill, and crop cultivation at 6 months intervals. Both hydrologic conditions and hydrophytic characteristics of 27 good wetlands help maintain current ecological status, but most wetlands have been degraded by artificial impacts. Among 184 species identified, only 75 species(about 40.7%) were hydrophytes. Prevalence Index of hydrophyte based on three categories of OBL(obligatory wetland plant), FAC(facultitative plant), UPL(obligatory upland plant) was 3.7, indicating that vegetation data alone is inadequate to designate as wetlands. This study revealed that as critical habitats for wildlife they playa vital role in ecotone between both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem with its proper distributional pattern in spite of their small areas compared to the entire geographic region of the City.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.63-86
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• 2024

This study analyzed the distribution, diversity, and density variation of algal clusters in a freshwater reservoir from an oceanic island and a traditional inland water system to gain insights on future marine freshwater resource management. In the Paldang water system (Han River), despite the upstream Paldang Dam and the downstream Jamsil underwater reservoir being in the same meteorological zone, their algae density patterns varied inversely. The distinct algal cluster structure (diversity/dominance) of Paldang was altered in the downstream reservoir, suggesting that physical devices aid algae management in traditional water systems. In contrast, 24 out of 35 genera (63.2%) identified in the Jeolgol Reservoir (Baeknyeong Island) were unique, lacking regulatory mechanisms, and existing in a complex ecotone. The desmid Chlorophyceae Cosmarium, adapted to higher photosynthetic stress and low temperatures, dominated in January (38.04%) and August (86.45%) during the periods of extreme photosynthetic stress. Jeolgol's annual algal cluster structure (H' 2.097; D 0.259; S' 35) demonstrated higher stability than Paldang (H' 1.125; D 0.448; S' 13) and the Jamsil underwater reservoir (H' 1.078; D 0.469; S' 12), maintaining an H' above 1.5 even during midwinters. No evidence of TN/TP inflow from surrounding soils was observed, even during torrential rainfalls, with phosphorus being the limiting factor for algal growth. TOC, BOD, chlorophyll-a, and turbidity peaked during Cosmarium bloom. Future climate change is expected to cause fluctuations in algal clusters and related water quality factors. The complex transitional nature of the Jeolgol Reservoir, its algal diversity, and the interspecies interactions contribute to the high stability of its algal community.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.162-167
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• 2006

The urban stream includes the channel and sandbars. The sandbar plays a key role in the riparian ecosystem. For birds and insects the sandbar offers a small strip of habitat and fish and other fauna feed in the boundary of sandbar where eddies occur. So, it is important habitat and source for the flow of energy, matter and organisms through the landscape and act as ecotone between the terrestrial and stream corridors. However, the sandbar changes continuously by the natural process. Thus, it is necessary to measure the shape and area of the sandbar accurately for the efficient urban stream management for the amenity of urban residents and stream protection. The study site is Yangjae Stream where the first natural-style urban stream restoration projected was impelemented by the support of Ministry of Education in Korea. The measurement was taken by the beacon Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) and the data were stored and analyzed using ArcView Geographic Information System (GIS) program. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure the change of sandbars in the urban stream after concentrated stormwater during summer.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.2105-2110
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• 2008

최근 환경적 기능을 중요시하는 시대적 흐름에 맞추어 친환경적으로 하천의 정비가 이루어지고 있다. 하천에서 호안은 생태학적인 측면에서 볼 때 하천을 중심으로 한 생활영역을 가지는 생물에게 육역과 수역의 연결부로서 추이대(ecotone)의 기능을 담당하고 있어 그 중요성은 이루 말할 수 없다. 그럼에도 불구하고 실제 자연친화적 하천정비에서 조차 호안공법의 선정은 객관적인 자료와 평가기법의 부재로 하천의 환경특성을 고려하지 못한 채 무분별하고 획일적인 공법으로 시공이 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 향후 자연친화적 하천공사 시 시공하천의 특성을 고려한 호안공법의 선정이 객관적이고 합리적으로 이루어질 수 있도록 기존의 호안평가지표 및 기법을 수정 제안하였다. 제안된 호안평가기법의 평가항목은 안정성, 환경성 그리고 친수 어메니티이다. 금번 연구에서 제안한 호안평가기법의 적용을 위하여 전국의 하천을 대상으로 사전조사를 실시한 후 호안평가의 적용이 용이한 91개 하천을 선정하여 현장조사를 실시하였다. 그리고 조사를 통해 확보한 호안 자료는 호안평가기법을 이용하여 호안의 안정성, 환경성 그리고 친수 어메니티에 대한 평가가 이루어졌으며, 제안된 호안평가기법은 호안 및 하천의 특성을 적절히 반영함을 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 확보된 자료는 향후 생태적 측면을 고려한 하천정비의 방향제시 등의 기대효과를 가져올 수 있으리라 생각되며, 호안공법 선정을 위한 호안평가기법 개발의 기초자료로 유용하게 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to emphasize the indispensability and generalization of ecological approach in landscape planning and design, by describing the main ecological principles and the process and method applying them to landscape planning and presenting the case study of ecological planning. Landscape architecture is the science dealing with nature and therefore ecological approach in it cannot be emphasized too much. The main ecological principles that must be considered in landscape planning and design are energy flow, food chains, biogeochemical cycles, limiting factors, carrying capacity and homeostasis, vegetational succession, ecotone and edge effect, ecological niche, etc.. The seven component factors of natural ecosystem are climate, geology, physiography, hydrology, soil, vegetation, wildlife. These seven factors are interrelated by the above mentioned ecological principles. In landscape planning and design process, it is necessary that landscape architect should interpret and assess not only the component factors of natural ecosystem but also the interrelationships and ecological principles immanent in them and apply the data to final plan.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.39-47
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• 2013

The agricultural area is a priority to develop than the natural area for land developments. However, the importance of agricultural biodiversity is emphasized recently. The agricultural area does not only provide food for human and habitat for wild life but also contribute to improve biodiversity. It is necessary to preserve the agricultural area with rich biodiversity. The study was conducted to analyze biodiversity of insects for conservation value assessment of agricultural areas. According to the results of field survey, there is higher biodiversity index in agricultural areas surrounding the forest or small size agricultural areas. By contrast, the index is lower in agricultural areas near roads or in the intensive agricultural area. The results show that there is high biodiversity in agricultural areas, especially margin agricultural area such as below 2ha and over slop rate of 15%. Therefore, further studies should be conducted field survey more to generalize for biodiversity in agricultural area, and establish the criteria to protect agricultural area from land developments.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 1971

Ecological factors limiting Stipa pulchra have been determined in experimental gardens and at several sites in the hills south and east of Monterey, California. The Stipa pulchrafacies of Valley Grassland communities were found to be dominated by that species, though a total of 36 grasses and forbs were collected and identified. Basal area was not large, but aerial cover by Stipa alone averaged over 50 per cent. Across an ecotone between a Stipa association and the California Annual Type a sudden and dramatic change was recorded. Soil measurements there, and in other nearby areas, showed a much higher clay content with more available water and elemental phosphorus at the Stipa sites. Germination of Stipa seeds was high under all laboratory and field conditions, though growth of seeldings was highly variable. Seedlings grown in Stipa woil with an abundance of water were vigorous and reached anthesis the first year. In other soils they grew less, and when grown in competition with Avena fatua they scarcely grew at all. These findings indicate that when established on desirable soils, Stipa competes well and apparently precludes the dominance of Avena fatua and other large annual grasses. On the other hand, because of a lack of vigor in its seedlings, Stipa cannot reinvade the rich more friable soils on which it was once found, and on which it was shown to grow satisfactorily. This supports the contention that Sipa pulchra was the dominant grass through much of the Valley Grassland and Foothill Woodland, but also indicates that well-drained soils and those poor in mineral nutrients probalby never supported such associations.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.83-99
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• 1994

To compare basic information and to inspect impacts situations between 1987 and 1992, this study was executed in Chongnung valley of Mt. Puk'an. And to provide basic informations through the change of plant species diversity, some methods were applied and analyzed such as the degree of environmental impacts and belt-transect method. The results were summarized as follows; 1. In order to find environmental impacts by visitor, the degree of environmental impacts class that was proposed by Kwon(1991) was implicated. In 4 sites, total area of over impact class 2 is 86,692$m^2$ and area of impacts class 4-6 that is impossible to recover naturally is 36,856$m^2$. Totally, the impacted area was profounded qualitatively and quantitatively against 1987's. 2. In the vegetation change by visitor's impacts, species diversity was rapidly decreased as nearer the campsite and trail. And in the basal area and coverage, lower layer species was sensitively changed. Trampling-resistent species is as following; Robinia pseudoacacia, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Staphylea bumalda, Clerdendron trichotomum, Stephanandra incisa, Rubus crataegifolius, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Weigela subsessilis, Rosa multiflora, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Lindera obtusiloba, Callicarpa japonica, Sorbus alnifolia, Symplocos mongolica and so on. In the results of soil hardness test, that was decreased as far away from campsite and trail. 3. In the 4 sites selected in Chongnung valley of Puk'ansan Natioal Park, management plans was largely divided 4 category, such as trail improvement, facilities setting, ecotone vegetation establishment, and vegetation rehabilitation. And a suggestion was provided to each site.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.409-426
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to present the raw data for management and conservation of tidal flat by objective surveying and analysing the halophytes and vegetation distributed in Seocheon tidal flat wetland conservation area, Korea. The results are as follows. The numbers of halophytes in this site were summarized as 27 taxa including 13 families, 21 genera, 26 species and 1 variety. In the results of ecologically important species, rare plant was 1 taxa, 10 taxa of the specific plants by floristic region, 1 taxa of naturalized plant and 1 taxa of the plant with approval for delivering oversea. The life form spectrum consisted of therophytes(44.4%), hemicryptophytes(25.9%), geophytes(14.8%), nanophanerophytes(7.5%), chamaephytes and hydatophytes(each 3.7%). The types of vegetation of Seocheon tidal flat wetland conservation area were classified with 17 communities including Vitex rotundifolia community, Suaeda maritima community, Calystegia soldanella community and so forth. In the halophytes composition, section C and E-1 had the largest character species and companion species. In the results of vegetation amount, section C, D, E-1 and E-2 were the highest score, on the other hand, section A and B were the lowest. The final rating was calculated by adding up values of two factors, and section C and E-1 had the highest rating of II. In future, we will survey the whole flora in Seocheon tidal flat, we will offer the help to establishing the conservation plan of coastal plant ecosystem in West Sea.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.72-76
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• 2004

Wetland is an important eco-system on the earth and can effectively control agricultural non-point source pollution. Reed is a typical wetland plant for land/inland water ecotone in north China. The studies indicated that reed had a underground rooted-stem, which formed a 'high speeded-connecting vessels' i.e. reed root channel (RRC) in Baiyangdian lake of Hebei province. It spread predominantly along horizontal direction underground and are mainly distributed at 18-75 cm. The results of field work from healthy reed-wetland (HRW) and regarded reed-wetland (RRW) showed that the reed, averagely, in HRW is 4.2 m height, 1 cm diameter, 65/m2 density; in RRW is 2.4 m height, 3 mm diameter, 86/m2 density. These results indicated the regradation of the function of RRC in RRW. The results of laboratory work of sewage purification from reed soil column (RSC) $(0\~100cm)$ and wheat soil column (WSC) showed that the efficiency of purification to sewage, in RSC, is high than in WSC, especially for phosphorus. The efficiency of purification, in RSC, is $92.6\%$ for total phosphorus, $43.5\%$ for total nitrogen, $54.1\%$ fur COD, respectively; in WSC, is $86.0\%$ for total phosphorus, $241.3\%$ for total nitrogen, $29.8\%$ for COD, respectively.