• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.75-110
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• 2023

This paper aims at discussing the evolution of innovation theory from the beginning of the last century to present. Innovation theory has begun by Joseph Schumpeter in the beginning of the last century and his theory had not attained much attention compared to the mainstream economic theory. In the 1960s, some neo-classical economists analyzed the effect of technological change on economic growth and emphasized the role of demand in innovation process. However, in the beginning of the 1970s, Schumpeter's innovation theory, which emphasized the role of innovation and entrepreneurship in economic and social development, attained enormous attention by many liberal economists. They were called neo-Schumpeterians as they followed the theories and ideas of Schumpeter. In the middle of the 1980s, neo-Schumpeterians identified the concept of national innovation system(NIS), which is the total mobilization system of innovation resources for generating, appropriating and diffusing technological innovations. Soon this theory diffused very quickly at regional and sectoral level. As a result, there have been very active empirical studies on innovation systems in the world. Since the beginning of the 2000s the transition study have been actively carried out mainly in European countries. This study emphasizes the transition of existing innovation systems into more sustainable ones. In Korea we need to activate transition study, because there have been only few studies in this new theory.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2011

In the process of modernization from the traditional Korean Han-bok to today's modernized fashion. The Republic of Korea received the most influences form the United States among other western countries. The U. S. A. was the primary country who helped to release S. Korea from Japanese colonization in 1945, and provided the most economic and military aids after the Korean War in 1950. The purpose of this case study is to find out the traits of Americanization in modern Korean fashion through sociocultural evidences and reference pictures. The Americanization can be defined as the U. S. A. influencing cultures of other countries, and sometimes resulted in the substitution of a given culture with American culture. Americanization generally is a part of westernization. The analogous terms for Americanization, are Coca-colonization, McDonaldization, Starbuckslization, and Hollywoodization. The theories related to Americanization are theory of economic determination, global system theory, conspiracy theory, modernization theory, and theory of dependence. However, Americanization of Korea cannot be explained in one single theory, but only can be explained as a hybrid of two cultures. There also is a critical viewpoint of de-Americanization. Americanization of Korea were studied in three important chronicles, a period of modernization (1945-1950s), a period of industrialization & popularization(1960s-1970s), and a period of consumerization(1980s-present). The traits of Americanization in the process of modernizing Korean fashion, were found as simplicity, functionality, popularity(kitsch & mimicry), anti-traditional ethics(unchastity & skin revealing), and materialism(lavishness & trends).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to analysis on periodical changes of rural houses of Korean-Chinese people residing in Yanbian area, China focused on periodical changes of floor plans according to Chinese government's policies and regulations influencing on rural houses. Changes of floor plans are classified into four periods; immigrating settled period, 1960-1970s, 1980-1990s, and after 2000. Total number of 67 cases were analyzed that data was collected 48 cases of literature studies and 19 cases of field study in Yanbian, China. The results are as followings. In immigrating settled period, floor plans of the rural houses have tended to be continued the pattern of the Korean traditional rural houses. Nevertheless China was changed socialism system, rarely floor plans were influenced by the system during this period. From 1960s to 1970s, the livestock and rural mechanization are influenced by the "People's Commune" policy. The "Barn" and "Mill" were converted into "warehouse". The residential part consists of one Jeongji (space mixed dinning and kitchen) and one to three of Ondolbang (room). From 1980s to 1990s influenced by the policies of "Cultural Revolution", "Birth Control" and "Chinese Economic Reform", the Korean traditional customs like "elders first" and "distinction between the male and female have been gradually vanished. Meanwhile, spaces of the rural houses have consisted of Jeongji, big Utppang (room), and warehouse. Each space is opened and mutual. Since 2000, influenced by the policy of a "new Socialist Countryside Construction", the bathroom and kitchen are added in interior spaces, the life style in rural houses has been changed as for both the sedentary style and western style.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.269-295
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• 1995

This research is concerned with the social division of labor within the traditional industry district: Damyang bamboo ware industry district and Yeoju pottery industry district in South Korea, Damyang bamboo ware and Yeoju pottery are well known of the Korean traditional industry. The social division of labor in an industry district is considered as an important factor. The social division of labor helps the traditional industry to survive today. This summary shows five significant points from the major findings. First, Damyang bamoo ware industry and Yoeju pottery industry have experienced the growth stages until 1945, the stagnation in the 1960s, and the business recovery in the 1980s. Most Korean traditional industries had been radically declined under the Japanese colonization; while, Damyang bamboo ware industry and Yeoju pottery industry district have been developed during above all stages. The extended market to Japan helped the local government to establish a training center, and to provide financial aids and technical aids to crafts men. During the 1960s and 1970s, mass production of substitute goods on factory system resulted in the decrease of demand of bamboo ware and pettery. During the 1980s, these industries have slowly recovered as a result of the increased income per capita. The high rate of economic growth in the 1960s and 1970s was playing an important role in the emerging the incleased demand of the bamboo ware and pottery. Second the production-and-marketing system in a traditional industry district became diversified to adjust the demand of products. In Damyang bamboo ware industry district, the level of social division of labor was low until the high economic development period. Bamboo ware were made by a farmer in a small domestic system, The bamboo goods were mainly sold in the periodic market of bamboo ware in Damyang. In the recession period in the 1960s and 1970s, the production-and-marketing system were diversified; a manufacturing-wholesale type business and small-factory type business became established; and the wholesale business and the export traders in the district appeared. In the recovery period in the 1980s, the production-and-marketing systems were more diversified; a small-factory type business started to depend On subcontractors for a part of process of production; and a wholesale business in the district engaged in production of bamboo ware. In Yeoju pottery industry district, the social division of labor was limited until the early 1970s. A pottery was made by a crafts man in a small-business of domestic system and sold by a middle man out of Yeoju. Since the late 1970s, production-and-marketing system become being diversified as a result of the increased demand in Japan and South Korea. In the 1970s, Korean traditional craft pottery was highiy demanded in Japan. The demand encouraged people in Yoeju to become craftsmen and/or to work in the pottery related occupation. In South Korea, the rapid economic growth resulted in incline to pottery due to the development of stainless and plastic bowls and dishes. The production facilities were modernized to provide pottery at the reasonable price. A small-busineas of domestic system was transformed into a small-factory type business. The social division of labor was intensified in the pottery production-and-maketing system. The manufacturing kaoline began to be seperated from the production process of pottery. Within the district, a pottery wholesale business and a retail business started to be established in the 1980s. Third the traditional industry district was divided into "completed one" and "not-completed one" according to whether or not the district firms led the function of the social division of labor. The Damyang bamboo ware industry district is "completed one": the firm within the district is in charge of the supply of raw material, the production and the marketing. In the Damyang bamboo ware district, the social division of labor w and reorganized labor system to improve the external economics effect through intensifying the social division of labor. Lastly, the social division of labor was playing an important role in the development of traditional industry districts. The subdivision of production process and the diversification of business reduced the production cost and overcame the labor shortage through hiring low-waged workers such as family members, the old people and housewives. An enterpriser with small amount of capital easily joined into the business. The risk from business recession were dispersed. The accumulated know-how in the production and maketing provided flexiblility to produce various goods and to extend the life-cycly of a product.d the life-cycly of a product.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.227-238
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• 2011

There are similarities between Korea and Japan in terms of national planning and development system and housing policies. Japan has suffered from great shifts of social and economic systems due to skyrocketing land prices for three times and the collapse of the bubble economy after the Second World War. The study reviews historically important changes in the national territory and housing policies for last 60 years in Japan. It also investigates changing trends and characteristics of many socioeconomic indicators with regard to population, housing and other fields in response to these policies. First of all, Japan has experienced significant economic growth before and after the 1960's, and the era of national rebuilding projects in the 1970's. After then, the period of the bubble economy has emerged since 1980; however, it suffered from skyrocketing land values between the late 1980's and the early 1990's, and the collapse of Japanese bubble economy in the early 1990's. In response, many urban regeneration policies and projects were proposed to recover the national economy since 2000. It is found that these national territory development and housing supply policies throughout the country have been influenced by the changing characteristics of social and economic conditions. Since the housing supply ratio in 1968 reached up to around 100% on average, Japan has been focusing attention to improving the residential and living quality for existing housing stock rather than supplying new housing units through large-scale new town projects. These experiences are full of helpful suggestions for our future housing and urban regeneration policies as we reach to more than 100% of housing supply ratio on average.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.181-215
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• 2017

The study found that the origins of modern Korean welfare regime are closely related to the political and economic order of the U.S. military rule between 1945 and 1948. The creation of developmental state in 1960s and 1970s can not be imagined from the standpoint of the U.S. military rule. The U.S. military government dismantled the labor movement and the farmers' movement, and dealt a devastating blow to leftist political forces. Through this process, the U.S. military government turned the political landscape of the Republic of Korea, which was dominated by left-wing political forces in August 1945, completely transformed into the political landscape dominated by right-wing political forces. Moreover, it would not have been possible without the physical force of the US military government to transplant American capitalism instead of the social (democratic) state that the majority of the Korean people wanted. Through farmland reform, the traditional landowning classes were broken down, the revolutionary farmers turned into conservative peasants, and the distribution of factories owned by the Japanese led to the birth of a new capitalist class that was subordinated to the state. From the viewpoint of the welfare regime, the most significant meaning of the US military government is that it laid the foundations for the developmental state in the 1960s and 1970s in Korea.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.955-985
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• 2005

This paper describes the evolutionary trajectory of the missions of public research institutes(PRIs) in Korea since 1960s and analyses the newly highlighted role of PRIs as the facilitators of regional innovation system, with questionnaire surveys and the case study of Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology(GIST). PRIs have played important roles in Korean rapid economic development by introducing and improving foreign high-technologies in 1970s and 1980s and by creating new advanced high-technologies in 1990s. In recent years, the functions as regional technology innovators have been considered important as regional innovation system has come to the center of discussion. According to the result of this study, Korean PRIs have recognized their roles relevant to regional innovation, such as developing the technologies of regional strategic industries and awakening regional innovative actors to a sense of research. Regardless of the functions as industrial technology suppliers, however, the bilateral networks between PRIs and regional industries are not revealed strong, whereas those with universities and other research institutes are relatively strong. In addition, the research cooperation of PRIs with regional innovative actors are different by where they are located. The case of GIST shows how a regional PRI operates, commercializes its academic achievement and encourages the regional transfer of the achievement systematically. Finally, this study draws some policy implications on developing regional PRIs.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.103-127
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• 2015

This paper investigates the two academic revolutions of the Korean higher education system. Since economic catch-up began in the 1960s, Korea has strongly encouraged the activities of its higher education system to serve industrial development as it has progressed through various developmental stages. At the 'strong regulation' stage, universities focused on the provision of technicians. As the need for higher education grew, the 'massive expansion' stage emerged. Finally, most recently, university research and its direct contribution to the economy have been invigorated by strong governmental support. Possibly, this is due to the fact that the Korean government has strongly controlled not only industry but also academia. As long as other East Asian universities have similar conditions to those of the development of Korean universities, we can generalise this model not only to universities in other East Asian countries, but also to universities in other rapid catch-up countries.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.19-65
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• 2000

This study analyzes the development of technological infrastructure(TI) and technological infrastructure policy(TIP) to enhance the technological capabilities of small and mid-sized manufacturing enterprises(SMEs) in the U.S. and Korea in terms of the technological system(TS) concept, which is composed of technological infrastructure, industrial organization, and institutional infrastructure. In order to analyze the internal dynamics of the system, such as incentive mechanisms, the interaction among economic actors, and the policy implementation process, we compare the MEP(Manufacturing Extension Partnership) system of the U.S. and the Joong-Jin-Gong system of Korea. Among many similarities, contrasts, and insights from each country's effort to construct TI and TS, the main findings are as follows. (1) Both the MEP system and the Joong-Jin-Cong system are TI-led or government-led type TS. However, the nation-wide picture is different: in the U.S., most TSs including the MEP system., are classified as TI-led type; in Korea, many TI-assisted or private sector-led TSs have been developed since the early 1960s. (2) the MEP system, as a representative case of the U.S., is less stable than the Joong-Jin-Gong system of Korea in terms of financing and political cycle. (3) The MEP system is a more complex and cooperative network than the Joong-Jin-Gong system. NIST, as a critical mass, generates the system, bridges various institutions, and influences the development of the system by providing funding. (4) Regarding TI components, TSs in both countries focus on utilizing off-the-shelf technologies rather than advanced technologies. However, the direction of movement is different: in the U.S., TSs have come to emphasize existing technologies to counterbalance an innovation system that has been highly focused toward new technologies; in Korea, TSs have been moving from focusing on a higher diffusion rate of imported process technologies to stressing new technology development. (5) Personnel and staffing, embodying technological capability, is an important concern in both countries. But the human capital infrastructure of the U.S. system is more efficient and industry-oriented than that of the Korean system due to a more flexible labor market. (6) While the U.S. has a strong tradition of state and local autonomy in constructing TI and TS to fit SMEs's specific need, Korea has a centralized and bureaucratically-led policy implementation process.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.106-122
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• 1995

Industrialization has given humanity many benefits, such as material abundance and conveniences. However, it has also caused detrimental side effects to the environment which are becoming a global problem. During the 1960's, the national economic scale in Korea was expanded and personal lifestyles rapidly improved. These improvements also caused environmental problems such as water contamination. Water contamination caused by old, worn water pipes, harmful materials and deposits from the water purification processes decreased the tap water quality, causing unpleasant odors and tastes. Due to poor maintenance of the reservoir facilities of tap water quality, citizens lost their faith in the water quality. In the long term, it made us worry about the health of our nation's citizens (6,16).