• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2004

In order to investigate the differences of nutrient intakes by the economic status and different age groups and to identify the nutritional risk group and its specific nutrition problem, 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. The subject's numbers of 9,391 were classified into four classes such as low (14.2%), medium (37.2%), high (26.0%), and high above (22.6%) on the basis of the family monthly income and the 2001 Korean minimum cost of living according to the family size. Mean intakes of energy and all nutrients assessed by the RDAs, lipid-energy %, and MAR were increased as the economic status were going up. Na intake expressed per 1,000kcal was in reverse. Nearly a half(45.5%) of the low-income people seemed to take nutritionally inadequate diet in consideration with MAR values. Deficiencies of iron and even energy in the toddlers (1 to 2 years) of low-income class were of great concern. Adolescent age group has been observed that their calcium and iron intakes, and possibly energy, were appeared to be the most deficient among all the age groups regardless of the economic status. For the elderly in all the economic status except high-above class, calcium, vitamin A, and riboflavin were commonly deficient nutrients. Calcium deficiency was appeared throughout nearly all the ages except toddlers and all the economic classes. Even in the high-above class 57.3% took insufficient amount of calcium.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.343-357
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• 2008

Generally, schooling is implemented by instruction in the classroom. And instruction is made progress by concrete interaction through teacher's question and students' answer or presentation. According to a lot of researches on teacher-student interaction, student's opportunity of class presentation is influenced by students' self-esteem, learning attitude, academic achievement, and relationships. And students' opportunity of class presentation is very important not only students but also social equality and democracy. Therefore, teachers have to recognize the importance of students' opportunity of class presentation. However, according to many referential researches, students' opportunity of class presentation is differentiated by students' academic ability and social-economic status. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether students' opportunity of class presentation was differentiated by students' academic ability and social-economic status or not. The method of this study was used checklist, interview, and class observation for a month. This study indicates that in spite of some exceptional cases, many students were taken the opportunity of class presentation differently by his/her academic ability and social-economic status. And teacher does not recognize that whether she gives student's opportunity of class presentation differently or not. To be a good teacher, teacher should reflect that teaching students is not easy, and teaching students is very important. And teacher should recognize that her speaking, action, and interaction with students including students' opportunity of class presentation influences students' self-esteem, learning attitude, academic achievement, and relationships.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.135-154
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• 1991

The purposes of this study are: 1) To find out overall family life issues percieved by the middle-classhousewives in their forties. 2) To examine detailed aspects related to middle years crises, leisure activities, children issues, family economy issues, and housing issues. 3) To clarify solutions to, and provide basic data on family issues raised by the middle-class families. The middle-class housewives in their forties living in the Seoul area were the subject of the survey. The sample size analysed in this study was 422. Data were analysed by the frequency, mean, percentile, standard deviation, X2-test, analysis of variance, multiple classification analysis, analysis of multiple regression, and Scheffe-test as a post-hoc analysis. The conclusions are as follows: First, the middle-class housewives tend to give more importance on children issues, especially on academic achievement and career development. Second, family cohesion of middle-class families is comparatively high and intra-familial conflict is low, and middle years crisis of housewives is comparatively low, too. Third, the stability of middle-class families can be found in household economic management patterns. one fourth of the families own stocks and two fifths of the families own real estate except their own dwelling house. Be based on their property income add to their labor income, middle-class families are showed their economic stability, however, intra-class inequality is found, too. Fourth, the great part of middle-class families that possess their own house, tend to be unsatisfied with their housig scale, and a half of the families expect to enlarge their housing scale for more comfortable and convient living.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.56-70
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• 2005

This study investigates historically difference by age of wig banishments that symbolize social-economic status from West Egypt era baroque age as qualitative study that use secondary bibliographic data, there is purpose. Conclusion of this study is as following. Because wig putting on that symbolize among several usages of wig putting on, socio-economic status until 17th century baroque age from ancient Egypt is been in fashion through privilege class lower classes as well as upper class wig putting on attain. Ancient wig putting on became measure that divide class because differ material of wig or one dimension, shape (style) and length became linear measure that it can aim wealth's emblem that putting on of long wave wig and whole wig that differ lust has many wig though was in fashion though whole wig and were in fashion arriving to Renaissance. That it becomes France clean fingernails' necessaries as Louis the 14th that ready crux of absolute authority establishment of France Court put wig from depilation to count 17 was clear socio-economic status etc. symbol measure inclination. Go without question status or position, wealth and churchman puts wig so that can know special sex of weapon of where the soldiers are belonged as well as put wig and wig putting on was parted according to job and lower classes participated in fashion of wig putting on. Wig putting on that become measure that symbolize job or status in this baroque age, position, wealth etc. gave absolute influence in wig fashion in 18th century.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 1978

The paper attempts to analize the economic situations of the coastal fishing business contering on the fishery right fisheries. Fisheries in Korea are usally divided in to three categories according to the distance fishing grounds; namely, coastal fisheries, off -shore fisheries and deep-sea fisheries. The fishery right fisheries fall into the category of the coastal fisheries, and include five typs of fisheries: 1. Class 1 common fishing 2. Class 2 common fishing 3. Class 3 common fishing. 4. Set-net fishing. 5. Aquarculture fishing. These fisheries have been stagnated mainly due to traditional fishing methods, unskilled labor forces, shortage of capital, and lack of the technological improvements. Owing to these factors their profitabilities of the fishing businesses have been steadly lowered. The main purpose of this paper is to point out the measures required in developing the fishery right fisheries. Economic performances were estimated for 1976 with data collected in the late 1977.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.581-600
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• 1974

The purpose of this study is clarify consumer problem on the basis of understanding consumer behavior, that is, to make explicit the effect of economic levels and educational background upon consumer consciousness and consumption behavior. The data in this study is from a survey in 1973 by means of a questionnaire of the opinions of 200 housewives of Seoul. The ${\chi}^2$(Chi-Squire) was applied for the statistical analysis of the data and following results were found. Generally consumers lack understanding of economic matters and satisfactory consciousness on matters of consumption life. And there is significant difference among the class on several matters. That is, the lower economic level and educational background are, the lower the understanding of economic matters and consciousness of satisfaction are. So the consumer education must be carried out for lower class of economic level and educational background. And in the present awakening of salers and makers is needed for consumers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.469-476
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• 2006

Objectives : To investigate the effect of parents' social class on infant and child mortality rates among the birth cohort, for the period of transition to and from the Koran economic crisis 1995-2004. Methods : All births reported to between 1995 and 2004 (n=5,711,337) were analyzed using a Cox regression model, to study the role of the social determinants of parents in infant and child mortality. The results were adjusted for the parents' age, education and occupation, together with mother's obstetrical history. Results. The crude death rate among those under 10 was 3.71 per 1000 births (21,217 deaths among 5,711,337 births) between 1995 and 2004. The birth cohorts from lower educated parents less than elementary school showed higher mortality rates compared with those from higher educated parents over university level (HR:3.0 (95%CI:2.8-3.7) for father and HR:3.4 (95%CI:3.3-4.5) for mother). The mother's education level showed a stronger relationship with mortality among the birth cohort than that of the fathers. The gaps in infant mortality rates by parents' social class, and educational level became wider from 1995 to 2004. In particular, the breadth of the existing gap between higher and lower parents' social class groups has dramatically widened since the economic crisis of 1998. Discussions : This study shows that social differences exist in infant and child mortality rates. Also, the gap for the infant mortality due to social class has become wider since the economic crisis of 1998.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.2924-2932
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• 2015

This study is for estimate the amount of water supplied data to get a database for economic plan of water supply system by survey for the amount of water supplied of primary, middle and highschool. For this, 54 of primary school, middle school, high school in 6 cities of Kangwon for 5 years. As a result, average of the amount of water supplied per month is $600.7m^3/mon$ and primary, middle schools are $484.2m^3/mon$ and high schools are $833.8m^3/mon$. Average of the amount of water supplied per class is $27.0m^3/mon/class$ and primary, middle schools are $24.4m^3/mon/class$ and high schools are $32m^3/mon/class$. Average of the amount of water supplied per person per day is 55.8l/c/d and primary school, middle schools are 54.4l/c/d and high schools are 58.6l/c/d.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.37-50
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is to compare and to analyse the difference of middle school girls clothing behaviors and their preference for clothing styles according to their intelligence, socio-economic status, and physical constitution. For the study, data were collected from 378 middle school girls resided in Taegu: one half from high intelligence group over I.Q. 113, others from low intelligence group under I.Q. 87 using the questionaire method. For the measurement of the relationship clothing behavior, socio-economic status. Rohrer index, preference style of clothing were examined. The analysis of the data was managed by computer; frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and ANOVA. The results of the study are as follows; 1. The significant difference in clothing behavior according to intelligence was verified in four: modesty, comfort, management, and psychological dependence. 2. The significant difference in clothing behavior according to socio-economic status was verified in all of eight clothing behavior variables. 3. There was no significant difference according to physical constitution in all clothing behavior variables. 4. There was no significant difference in the preference styles of clothing according to intelligence, but high intelligence group took more interest in detailed factors; design, style, total combination, color, print, and comfort. 5. The upper and middle class preferred slacks and lower class preferred skirts. The upper class took interest in design-style, total combination, and comfort, the middle class in total combination. and comfort, and the lower class in total combination. 6. Thin group preferred skirt, the average group preferred slacks, fatty group preferred slacks and shirts-blouse. Thin group took interest in design-style, and color-print, the average group in total combination, and fatty group in total combination, color-print, and design-style.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-38
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• 2015

This paper focused to classify the consumption stress coping types among married women consumers and to investigate the differences of socio-economic variables, social class, perceived health status, and consumption stress among coping types. Data were collected from 500 married women through online surveys in South Korea. Two factors of consumption stress(consumption stress before purchase, consumption stress after purchase), and three factors of consumption stress coping(Social support coping, problem solving focused coping, Passive avoidance coping) were identified. K-mean cluster analysis classified into 4 coping types with consumption stress coping. 15% of the sample were included to the passive coping type, and 25% were classified into the ambivalent coping type. 26.8% of the sample were identified to the active coping type, and 35.2% were maladaptive coping type. There were significant differences among the consumption stress coping types on education, family income, social class, health status, consumption stress after purchase. Consumer education programs should develop and implement especially for passive coping type and maladaptive coping type to cope effectively with consumption stress.