• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.435-448
• /
• 2018

In order to make reliable earthquake-resistant design of civil engineering structures, one of the most important considerations in a region with high seismicity is to pay attention to the local soil condition of regions. It is aimed in the current study at specifying dynamic soil characteristics of Kirikkale city center conducting the 1-D equivalent linear and non-linear site response analyses. Due to high vulnerability and seismicity of the city center of Kirikkale surrounded by active many faults, such as the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), the city of Kirikkale is classified as highly earthquake-prone city. The first effort to determine critical site response parameter is to perform the seismic hazard analyses of the region through the earthquake record catalogues. The moment magnitude of the city center is obtained as $M_w=7.0$ according to the recorded probability of exceedance of 10% in the last 50 years. Using the data from site tests, the 1-D equivalent linear (EL) and nonlinear site response analyses (NL) are performed with respect to the shear modulus reduction and damping ratio models proposed in literature. The important engineering parameters of the amplification ratio, predominant site period, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration values are predicted. Except for the periods between the period of T=0.2-1.0 s, the results from the NL are obtained to be similar to the EL results. Lower spectral acceleration values are estimated in the locations of the city where the higher amplification ratio is attained or vice-versa. Construction of high-rise buildings with modal periods higher than T=1.0 s are obtained to be suitable for the city of Kirikkale. The buildings at the city center are recommended to be assessed with street survey rapid structural evaluation methods so as to mitigate seismic damages. The obtained contour maps in this study are estimated to be effective for visually characterizing the city in terms of the considered parameters.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 2020

본 논문에서는 지진발생 후 임의 위치에서 발생된 지진가속도 시간이력을 추정하기 위하여 기상청 지진관측소 계측자료를 활용하는 방법을 제안하였으며, 국내에서 발생한 지진기록을 이용하여 제안한 응답스펙트럼 및 시간이력 추정 방법의 적용성을 평가하였다. 임의 관측소에서 계측된 결과를 인근 관측소 자료를 이용하여 추정하는 방법으로 제안방법을 검증한 결과, 지반정보 없이도 해당 관측소 위치의 지진가속도 응답스펙트럼 및 시간이력을 낮은 수준의 오차로 추정할 수 있었으며, 특히 시간이력의 경우 형상 및 위상의 변화에 큰 차이가 없음을 확인할 수 있는 등 제안된 방법이 임의 위치에서의 지진가속도 시간이력을 추정하는데 유효함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.307-319
• /
• 2023

Ground fissures have a huge effect on the integrity of surface structures. In high-intensity ground fissure regions, however, land resource would be wasted and city building and economic development would be limited if the area avoiding principle was used. In view of this challenge, to reveal the seismic response and seismic failure characteristics of ground fissure sites, a shaking table test on model soil based on a 1:15 scale experiment was carried out. In the test, the spatial distribution characteristics of acceleration response and Arias intensity were obtained for a site exposed to earthquakes with different characteristics. Furthermore, the failure characteristics and damage evolution of the model soil were analyzed. The test results indicated that, with the increase in the earthquake acceleration magnitude, the crack width of the ground fissure enlarged from 0 to 5 mm. The soil of the hanging wall was characterized by earlier cracking and a higher abundance of secondary fissures at 45°. Under strong earthquakes, the model soil, especially the soil near the ground fissure, was severely damaged and exhibited reduced stiffness. As a result, its natural frequency also decreased from 11.41 Hz to 8.05 Hz, whereas the damping ratio increased from 4.8% to 9.1%. Due to the existence of ground fissure, the acceleration was amplified to nearly 0.476 m/s², as high as 2.38 times of the input acceleration magnitude. The maximum of acceleration and Arias intensity appeared at the fissure zone, which decreased from the main fissure toward both sides, showing hanging wall effects. The seismic intensity, duration and frequency spectrum all had certain effects on the seismic response of the ground fissure site, but their influence degrees were different. The seismic response of the site induced by the seismic wave that had richer low-frequency components and longer duration was larger. The discrepancies of seismic response between the hanging wall and the footwall declined obviously when the magnitude of the earthquake acceleration increased. The research results will be propitious to enhancing the utilizing ratio of the limited landing resource, alleviation of property damages and casualties, and provide a good engineering application foreground.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2012

The spatial variation of ground motion in Kolkata Metropolitan District (KMD) has been estimated by generating synthetic ground motion considering the point source model coupled with site response analysis. The most vulnerable source was identified from regional seismotectonic map for an area of about 350 km radius around Kolkata. The rock level acceleration time histories at 121 borehole locations in Kolkata for the vulnerable source, Eocene Hinge Zone, due to maximum credible earthquake (MCE) moment magnitude 6.2 were generated by synthetic ground motion model. Soil investigation data of 121 boreholes were collected from the report of Soil Data Bank Project, Jadavpur University, Kolkata. Surface level ground motion parameters were determined using SHAKE2000 software. The results are presented in the form of peak ground acceleration (PGA) at rock level and ground surface, amplification factor, and the response spectra at the ground surface for frequency 1.5 Hz, 3 Hz, 5 Hz and 10 Hz and 5% damping ratio. Site response study shows higher PGA in comparison with rock level acceleration. Maximum amplification in some portion in KMD area is found to be as high as 3.0 times compared to rock level.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.551-562
• /
• 2021

In this study, the generalized intensity measure (IM) named I_Npg is analyzed. The recently proposed proxy of the spectral shape named N_pg is the base of this intensity measure, which is similar to the traditional N_p based on the spectral shape in terms of pseudo-acceleration; however, in this case the new generalized intensity measure can be defined through other types of spectral shapes such as those obtained with velocity, displacement, input energy, inelastic parameters and so on. It is shown that this IM is able to increase the efficiency in the prediction of nonlinear behavior of structures subjected to earthquake ground motions. For this work, the efficiency of two particular cases (based on acceleration and velocity) of the generalized I_Npg to predict the peak floor acceleration demands on steel frames under 30 earthquake ground motions with respect to the traditional spectral acceleration at first mode of vibration Sa(T₁) is compared. Additionally, a 3D reinforced concrete building and an irregular steel frame is used as a basis for comparison. It is concluded that the use of velocity and acceleration spectral shape increase the efficiency to predict peak floor accelerations in comparison with the traditional and most used around the world spectral acceleration at first mode of vibration.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제35권12호
• /
• pp.135-145
• /
• 2019

비탈면 붕괴는 크게 내적요인과 외적요인으로 분류할 수 있다. 내적요인은 토층 깊이, 사면경사, 흙의 전단강도 등의 기존에 비탈면의 형성과 함께 내재 되어있는 공학적 요인이며, 외적요인은 지진과 같은 하중이다. 이때 최대가속도(PGA), 최대속도(PGV), Arias계수(I), 고유주기(T_p), 스펙트럼 가속도(S_aT=1.0) 등은 지진의 외적요인으로 대변되는 값이다. 특히, 최대지반가속도(peak ground acceleration, PGA)는 지진의 지반 운동 크기를 정의하는 가장 대표적인 값이지만 동일한 최대 지반가속도 값을 가지는 진동이라도 지진의 지속시간에 따라 달라지는 사면에서의 변위를 충분히 고려하지 못하는 단점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 인공사면을 대상으로 2차원 평면변형률 조건의 수치해석을 수행하였으며, 다양한 지진 시나리오의 PGA를 0.2g로 스케일링하여 적용했을 때 비탈면에서 발생하는 응답특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 비탈면의 상층부와 하층부의 응답은 활동면 발생 여부에 따라 차이를 보이며, 입력 지진파의 외적요인 보다는 소성변형을 유발시킨 진동 특성의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 2018

The probabilistic seismic safety assessment is one of the methodology to evaluate the seismic safety of the nuclear power plants. The site characteristics of the nuclear power plant should be reflected when evaluating the seismic safety of the nuclear power plant. The Korea seismic characteristics are strong in high frequency region and may be different from NRC Regulatory Guide 1.60, which is the design spectrum of nuclear power plants. In this study, seismic response of a nuclear power plant structure by Pohang earthquake (2017.11.15. (KST)) is investigated. The Pohang earthquake measured at the Cheongsong seismic observation station (CHS) is scaled to the peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.2 g and the seismic acceleration time history curve corresponding to the design spectrum is created. A nuclear power plant of the containment building and the auxiliary buildings are modeled using OPENSEES to analyze the seismic response of the Pohang earthquake. The seismic behavior of the nuclear power plant due to the Pohang earthquake is investigated. And the seismic performances of the equipment of a nuclear power plant are evaluated by the HCLPF. As a result, the seismic safety evaluation of nuclear power plants should be evaluated based on site-specific characteristics of nuclear power plants.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.485-510
• /
• 2014

In performance-based seismic design procedures Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and pseudo-Spectral acceleration ($S_a$) are commonly used to predict the response of structures to earthquake. Recently, research has been carried out to evaluate the predictive capability of these standard Intensity Measures (IMs) with respect to different types of structures and Engineering Demand Parameter (EDP) commonly used to measure damage. Efforts have been also spent to propose alternative IMs that are able to improve the results of the response predictions. However, most of these IMs are not usually employed in probabilistic seismic demand analyses because of the lack of reliable Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs). In order to define seismic hazard and thus to calculate demand hazard curves it is essential, in fact, to establish a GMPE for the earthquake intensity. In the light of this need, new GMPEs are proposed here for the elastic input energy spectra, energy-based intensity measures that have been shown to be good predictors of both structural and non-structural damage for many types of structures. The proposed GMPEs are developed using mixed-effects models by empirical regressions on a large number of strong-motions selected from the NGA database. Parametric analyses are carried out to show the effect of some properties variation, such as fault mechanism, type of soil, earthquake magnitude and distance, on the considered IMs. Results of comparisons between the proposed GMPEs and other from the literature are finally shown.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제8권6호
• /
• pp.1363-1386
• /
• 2015

The October 23 2011 Van Earthquake is studied from an earthquake engineering point of view. Strong ground motion processing was performed to investigate features of the earthquake source, forward directivity effects during the rupture process as well as local site effects. Strong motion characteristics were investigated in terms of peak ground motion and spectral acceleration values. Directiviy effects were discussed in detail via elastic response spectra and wide band spectograms to see the high frequency energy distributions. Source parameters and slip distribution results of the earthquake which had been proposed by different researchers were summarized. Influence of the source parameters on structural response were shown by comparing elastic response spectra of Muradiye synthetic records which were performed by broadband strong motion simulations of the earthquake. It has been emphasized that characteristics of the earthquake rupture dynamics and their effects on structural design might be investigated from a multidisciplinary point of view. Seismotectonic calculations (e.g., slip pattern, rupture velocity) may be extended relating different engineering parameters (e.g., interstorey drifts, spectral accelerations) across different disciplines while using code based seismic design approaches. Current state of the art building codes still far from fully reflecting earthquake source related parameters into design rules. Some of those deficiencies and recent efforts to overcome these problems were also mentioned. Next generation ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) may be incorporated with certain site categories for site effects. Likewise in the 2011 Van Earthquake, Reverse/Oblique earthquakes indicate that GMPEs need to be feasible to a wider range of magnitudes and distances in engineering practice. Due to the reverse faulting with large slip and dip angles, vertical displacements along with directivity and fault normal effects might significantly affect the engineering structures. Main reason of excessive damage in the town of Erciş can be attributed to these factors. Such effects should be considered in advance through the establishment of vertical design spectra and effects might be incorporated in the available GMPEs.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
• /
• 제19권7호
• /
• pp.5-11
• /
• 2018

Instead of a single pile, group piles are usually used for the pile foundation. If the earthquake occurs in the ground where group piles are installed, dynamic behavior of group piles are affected not only by interaction of piles and the ground movement but also by the pile cap. However, in Korea, the pile cap influence is not taken account into the design of group piles. Research on dynamic behavior of group piles has been performed only to verify interaction of piles and the ground and has not considered the pile cap as a factor. In this research, 1g shaking table model tests were performed to verify the thickness of the pile cap affects dynamic behavior of group piles that were installed in the ground where the earthquake would occur. The test results show that, as thickness of the pile cap increased, acceleration and horizontal displacement of the pile cap decreasd while vertical displacement of the pile cap increased. The results also showed that, among the group files tested, acceleration, horizontal displacement, and vertical displacement of the bearing pile are smaller than those of the friction pile.