Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.4.435

Linear and nonlinear site response analyses to determine dynamic soil properties of Kirikkale  

Sonmezer, Yetis Bulent (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kirikkale University)
Bas, Selcuk (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bartin University)
Isik, Nihat Sinan (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University)
Akbas, Sami Oguzhan (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University)
Publication Information
Geomechanics and Engineering / v.16, no.4, 2018 , pp. 435-448 More about this Journal
Abstract
In order to make reliable earthquake-resistant design of civil engineering structures, one of the most important considerations in a region with high seismicity is to pay attention to the local soil condition of regions. It is aimed in the current study at specifying dynamic soil characteristics of Kirikkale city center conducting the 1-D equivalent linear and non-linear site response analyses. Due to high vulnerability and seismicity of the city center of Kirikkale surrounded by active many faults, such as the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), the city of Kirikkale is classified as highly earthquake-prone city. The first effort to determine critical site response parameter is to perform the seismic hazard analyses of the region through the earthquake record catalogues. The moment magnitude of the city center is obtained as $M_w=7.0$ according to the recorded probability of exceedance of 10% in the last 50 years. Using the data from site tests, the 1-D equivalent linear (EL) and nonlinear site response analyses (NL) are performed with respect to the shear modulus reduction and damping ratio models proposed in literature. The important engineering parameters of the amplification ratio, predominant site period, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration values are predicted. Except for the periods between the period of T=0.2-1.0 s, the results from the NL are obtained to be similar to the EL results. Lower spectral acceleration values are estimated in the locations of the city where the higher amplification ratio is attained or vice-versa. Construction of high-rise buildings with modal periods higher than T=1.0 s are obtained to be suitable for the city of Kirikkale. The buildings at the city center are recommended to be assessed with street survey rapid structural evaluation methods so as to mitigate seismic damages. The obtained contour maps in this study are estimated to be effective for visually characterizing the city in terms of the considered parameters.
Keywords
local soil condition; site response analysis; soil amplification; peak ground acceleration; spectral acceleration; seismic hazard;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 4  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Akin, M.K., Topal, T. and Kramer, S.L. (2013), "A newly developed seismic microzonation model of Erbaa (Tokat, Turkey) located on seismically active eastern segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ)", Nat. Hazards, 65(3), 1411-1442.   DOI
2 Akkar, S. and Bommer, J.J. (2007), "Empirical prediction equations for peak ground velocity derived from strong-motion records from Europe and the Middle East", B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 97(2), 511-530.   DOI
3 Algermissen, S.T. and Perkins, D.M. (1976), "A probabilistic estimate of maximum acceleration in rock in the contiguous", Research Report, United States Geological Survey.
4 Allen, C.R. (1969), "Active faulting in northern Turkey", Research Report, Caltech Division of Geological Sciences, Pasadena, California, U.S.A.
5 Ambraseys, N.N. and Bommer, J.J. (1991), "The attenuation of ground accelerations in Europe", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 20(12), 1179-1202.   DOI
6 BDTIM (2015), Regional Earthquake-Tsunami Monitoring Center, Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Istanbul, Turkey.
7 Birgili, S.R.Y. and Unalan, G. (1975), "Geological poperties of Cankiri-Corum and is potential for petroleum production", Research Report, MTA, Ankara, Turkey.
8 Bommer, J., Spence, R., Erdik, M., Tabuchi, S., Aydinoglu, N., Booth, E., del Re, D. and Peterken, O. (2002), "Development of an earthquake loss model for Turkish catastrophe insurance", J. Seismol., 6(3), 431-446.   DOI
9 Boore, D.M., Stewart, J.P., Seyhan, E. and Atkinson, G.M. (2013), "NGA-West2 equations for predicting response spectral accelerations for shallow crustal earthquakes", Research Report; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
10 Bozkurt, E. (2001), "Late Alpine evolution of the central Menderes Massif, western Turkey", Int. J. Earth Sci., 89(4), 728-744.   DOI
11 Buyuksarac, A., Bektas, O., Yilmaz, H. and Arisoy, M.O. (2013), "Preliminary seismic microzonation of Sivas city (Turkey) using microtremor and refraction microtremor (ReMi) measurements", J. Seismol., 17(2), 425-435.   DOI
12 Campbell, K.W. (1989), "The dependence of peak horizontal acceleration on magnitude, distance, and site effects for small-magnitude earthquakes in California and Eastern North America", B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 79(5), 1311-1346.
13 Das, S., Gupta, I.D. and Gupta, V.K. (2006), "A Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis of Northeast India", Earthq. Spectra, 22(1), 1-27.   DOI
14 Campbell, K.W. and Bozorgnia, Y. (2013), "NGA-West2 Campbell-Bozorgnia ground motion model for the horizontal components of PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped elastic pseudo-acceleration response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec", Research Report, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
15 Cornell, C.A. (1968), "Engineering seismic risk analysis", B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 58(5), 1583-1606.
16 Darendeli, M. (2001), "Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
17 Deniz, A. (2006), "Estimation of earthquake insurance premium rates for Turkey", M.Sc. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
18 Deniz, A. and Yucemen, M.S. (2010), "Magnitude conversion problem for the Turkish earthquake data", Nat. Hazards, 55(2), 333-352.   DOI
19 Dikmen, U. (2009), "Statistical correlations of shear wave velocity and penetration resistance for soils", J. Geophys. Eng., 6(1), 61.   DOI
20 EPRI (1993), Guidelines for Determining Design Basic Ground Motions, Electric Power Research Institute, U.S.A.
21 Erdik, M., Biro, Y.A., Onur, T., Sesetyan, K. and Birgoren, G. (1999), "Assessment of earthquake hazard in Turkey and neighboring regions", Annal. Geophys., 42(6), 1125-1138.
22 Erkan, Y. (1975), "A petrological analysis of the regional metamorphism available in the Kirsehir segment of Central Anatolia massif", Assoc. Prof. Dissertation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
23 Gardner, J.K. and Knopoff, L. (1974), "Is the sequence of earthquakes in Southern California, with aftershocks removed, Poissonian?", B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 64(5), 1363-1367.
24 Fahjan, Y. and Ozdemir, Z. (2008), "Scaling of earthquake accelerograms for non-linear dynamic analyses to match the earthquake design spectra", Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, October.
25 Fatahi, B., Far, H. and Samali, B. (2014), "Soil-structure interaction vs site effect for seismic design of tall buildings on soft soil", Geomech. Eng., 6(3), 293-320.   DOI
26 Firat, S., Isik, N.S., Arman, H., Demir, M. and Vural, I. (2016), "Investigation of the soil amplification factor in the Adapazari region", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 75(1), 141-152.   DOI
27 Gautam, D., Forte, G. and Rodrigues, H. (2016), "Site effects and associated structural damage analysis in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal", Earthq. Struct., 10(5), 1013-1032.   DOI
28 Groholski, D., Hashash, Y., Musgrove, M., Harmon, J. and Kim, B. (2015), "Evaluation of 1-D non-linear site response analysis using a general quadratic/hyperbolic strength-controlled constitutive model", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand, November.
29 Gulkan, P. and Kalkan, E. (2002), "Attenuation modeling of recent earthquakes in Turkey", J. Seismol., 6(3), 397-409.   DOI
30 Gulkan, P., Kocyigit, A., Yucemen, S., Doyuran, V. and Basoz, N. (1993), "Earthquake zoning map of Turkey based on most recent data", Research Report, METU Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Ankara, Turkey.
31 Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C. (1942), "Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration", B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 32(3), 163-191.
32 Hashash, Y.M.A., Musgrove, M.I., Harmon, J.A., Groholski, D.R., Phillips, C.A. and Park, D. (2016), DEEPSOIL 6.1, User Manual, Board of Trustees of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A.
33 Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C. (1944), "Frequency of earthquakes in California", B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 34(4), 185-188.
34 Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C. (1956), "Magnitude and energy of earthquakes", Ann. Geophys., 9(1), 1-15.
35 Hanumantharao, C. and Ramana, G.V. (2008), "Dynamic soil properties for microzonation of Delhi, India", J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117(2), 719-730.   DOI
36 Isik, N.S. (2010), "Assessment of the site amplifications and predominant site periods for Saruhanli, in an earthquake-prone region of Turkey", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 69(2), 309-319.   DOI
37 Iyisan, R. (1996), "Correlations between shear wave velocity and penetration experiments in soils", IMO Tech. Periodical, 7(32), 1187-1199.
38 Joyner, W.B. and Boore, D.M. (1981), "Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from strong-motion records including records from the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake", B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 71(6), 2011-2038.
39 Kagan, Y.Y. (2002), "Seismic moment distribution revisited: I. Statistical results", Geophys. J. Int., 148(3), 520-541.   DOI
40 Kaklamanos, J., Baise, L.G., Thompson, E.M. and Dorfmann, L. (2015), "Comparison of 1D linear, equivalent-linear, and nonlinear site response models at six KiK-net validation sites", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 69 207-219.   DOI
41 Kalkan, E., Gulkan, P., Yilmaz, N. and Celebi, M. (2009), "Reassessment of probabilistic seismic hazard in the Marmara Region", B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99(4), 2127-2146.   DOI
42 Kilic, H., Ozener, P.T., Ansal, A., Yildirim, M., Ozaydin, K. and Adatepe, S. (2006), "Microzonation of Zeytinburnu region with respect to soil amplification: A case study", Eng. Geol., 86(4), 238-255.   DOI
43 Kayabali, K. and Akin, M. (2003), "Seismic hazard map of Turkey using the deterministic approach", Eng. Geol., 69(1), 127-137.   DOI
44 Ketin, I. (1955), "Geological properties of Yozgat and its environs and the tectonic status of Central Anatolia Massif", Turkish Geol. Bull., 6(1), 1-40.
45 Kijko, A. and Graham, G. (1998), "Parametric-historic procedure for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis part i: Estimation of maximum regional magnitude Mmax", Pure Appl. Geophys., 152(3), 413-442.   DOI
46 Kocyigit, A. (2000), "General neotectonic characteristics and seismicity of Central Anatolia", Research Report, Turkish Petroleum Geologists, Ankara, Turkey.
47 Kocyigit, A. (2008), "Seismicity of Ankara and the origins of 2005-2007 Afsar (Bala-Ankara) earthquake", MTA Nat. Resour. Econ. Bull., 1-7.
48 Kolat, C., Ulusay, R. and Suzen, M.L. (2012), "Development of geotechnical microzonation model for Yenisehir (Bursa, Turkey) located at a seismically active region", Eng. Geol., 127, 36-53.   DOI
49 Kramer, S. (1996), Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, U.S.A.
50 Kramer, S. (2009), CEE 526 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
51 Matasovic, N. (1993), "Seismic response of composite horizontally-layered soil deposits", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
52 NEHRP-BSSC (2003), NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program) Recommended Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures (FEMA 450), Building Seismic Safety Council, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
53 Abrahamson, N.A., Silva, W.J. and Kamai, R. (2013), "Update of the AS08 ground-motion prediction equations based on the NGAWest2 data set", Research Report, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
54 AFAD (2016), Earthquake Zone Map of Turkey, Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Authority, Ankara, Turkey.
55 AFAD (2018), Turkish Earthquake Code for Buildings, Disaster and Emergency Management Directorate, Ankara, Turkey.
56 MTA (2015), "Active fault map of Turkey Kirsehir (NJ 363) plat", Research Report, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara, Turkey.
57 Naeim, F., Alimoradi, A. and Pezeshk, S. (2004), "Selection and scaling of ground motion time histories for structural design using genetic algorithms", Earthq. Spectra, 20(2), 413-426.   DOI
58 Ordonez, G. (2012), Shake2000: A Computer Program for the 1-D Analysis of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Problems, GeoMotions, LLC, Washington, D.C., USA
59 Ozbey, C., Sari, A., Manuel, L., Erdik, M. and Fahjan, Y. (2004), "An empirical attenuation relationship for Northwestern Turkey ground motion using a random effects approach", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 24(2), 115-125.   DOI
60 Parejas, E. and Pamir, H.N. (1939), "Nisan 1938 Orta Anadolu yer deprenmesi-Le tremblement de terre du 19 Avril 1938 en Anatolie centrale)", Inst. Geol. Pub. ns, 5(3/4), 1-21.
61 Richter, C. (1958), Elementary Seismology, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
62 Rojay, B. and Kocyigit, A. (2012), "An active composite pull-apart basin within the central part of the North Anatolian Fault System: The Merzifon-Suluova Basin, Turkey", Turk. J. Earth Sci., 21(4), 473-496.
63 Akin, M. (2009), "Seismic microzonation of Erbaa (Tokat-Turkey) located along eastern segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ)", Ph.D. Dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
64 Akin, M.K., Kramer, S.L. and Topal, T. (2016), "Dynamic soil characterization and site response estimation for Erbaa, Tokat (Turkey)", Nat. Hazards, 82(3), 1833-1868.
65 Selcuk, L. and Ciftci, Y. (2007), "Microzonation of the Plio-Quaternary soils: A study of the liquefaction risk potential in the Lake Van Basin, Turkey", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 66(2), 161-176.   DOI
66 Scawthorn, C. and Chen, W.F. (2002), Earthquake Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.
67 Seed, H. and Idriss, I. (1981), Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Sand Deposits based on Observation of Performance in Previous Earthquakes, in ASCE National Convention (MO), U.S.A., 481-544.
68 Seed, H., Wong, R., Idriss, I. and Tokimatsu, K. (1986), "Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils", J. Geotech. Eng., 112(11), 1016-1032.   DOI
69 Sengor, A.M.C., Gorur, N. and Saroglu, F. (1985), "Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study", SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology.
70 Seymen, I. (1982), "Geology of Kirsehir massif with a vicinity to Kaman", Assoc. Prof. Dissertation, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
71 Silahtar, A., Budakoglu, E., Horasan, G., Yildirim, E., Serdar Kuyuk, H., Yavuz, E. and Caka, D. (2016), "Investigation of site properties in Adapazari, Turkey, using microtremors and surface waves", Environ. Earth Sci., 75(20), 1354.
72 Sisi, A., Erberik, M.A. and Askan, A. (2018), "The effect of structural variability and local site conditions on building fragility functions", Earthq. Struct., 14(4), 285-295.   DOI
73 Sitharam, T.G. and Anbazhagan, P. (2007), "Seismic hazard analysis for the Bangalore region", Nat. Hazards, 40(2), 261-278.   DOI
74 Tezcan, S.S., Kaya, E., Engin Bal, I. and Ozdemir, Z. (2002), "Seismic amplification at Avcilar, Istanbul", Eng. Struct., 24(5), 661-667.   DOI
75 Savage, M.K. and Rupp, S.H. (2000), "Foreshock probabilities in New Zealand", New Zealand J. Geol. Geophys., 43(3), 461-469.   DOI
76 Sucuoglu, H. (2015), "Performance-based earthquake engineering", Proceedings of the 3rd National Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Izmir, Turkey, October.
77 Sun, J., Golesorkhi, R. and Seed, H. (1988), "Book chapter: Dynamic moduli and damping ratios for cohesive soils", Research Report, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
78 Tavakoli, H., Amiri, M., Abdollahzadeh, G. and Janalizade, A. (2016), "Site effect microzonation of Babol, Iran", Geomech. Eng., 11(6), 821-845.   DOI
79 TEFER (2000), "A probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Turkey", Research Report, Prime Ministry Treasury and Foreign Trade Undersecretariat-General Directorate of Insurance, Ankara, Turkey.
80 Ulusay, R. and Kuru, T. (2004), "1998 Adana-Ceyhan (Turkey) earthquake and a preliminary microzonation based on liquefaction potential for Ceyhan Town", Nat. Hazards, 32(1), 59-88.   DOI
81 USGS (2016), U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Search, United States Geological Survey, U.S.A.
82 Utsu, T., Ogata, Y. and Matsuura, R.S. (1995), "The centenary of the Omori formula for a decay law of aftershock activity", J. Phys. Earth, 43(1), 1-33.   DOI
83 Van Dyck, J.F.M. (1985), "Statistical analysis of earthquake catalogs", Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
84 Yucemen, M. (2011), "Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis: Overview and considerations in statistical modeling", Proceedings of the 1st Turkish Earthquake Engineering and Seismology Conference, Ankara, Turkey, November.
85 Vucetic, M. and Dobry, R. (1991), "Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response", J. Geotech. Eng., 117(1), 89-107.   DOI
86 Vucetic, M. and Dobry, R. (1988), "Degradation of marine clays under cyclic loading", J. Geotech. Eng., 114(2), 133-149.   DOI