• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.216-224
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• 2015

Objectives: Decreased fertility and impaired health owing to early menopause are significant health issues. Smoking is a modifiable health-related behavior that influences menopausal age. We investigated the effects of smoking-associated characteristics on menopausal age in Korean women. Methods: This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2012. Menopausal age in relation to smoking was analyzed as a Kaplan-Meier survival curve for 11 510 women (aged 30 to 65 years). The risk of entering menopause and experiencing early menopause (before age 48) related to smoking were assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: The menopausal age among smokers was 0.75 years lower than that among non-smokers (p<0.001). The results of the Cox proportional hazards model showed pre-correction and post-correction risk ratios for entering menopause related to smoking of 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09 to 1.46) and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.47), respectively, and pre-correction and post-correction risk ratios for experiencing early menopause related to smoking of 1.36 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.80) and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.85), respectively. Conclusions: Smokers reached menopause earlier than non-smokers, and their risk for experiencing early menopause was higher.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.163-180
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• 1996

Employing an ethnographic approach, this case study analyzed the psychological welfare of 2 teenage and one early-twenties heads of family. The subjects were Sun-Ju (female, age 22, seamstress), Ji-Hyun (female, age 14, junior high school student), and Seung-Hwan (male, age 16, junior high school student). This study was processed between 9 March 1996 and 11 May 1996. The results show that teenage and early-twenties heads of family have ambivalent feelings, meaning two extreme psychological conditions that are not consistent. Three types of teenage-early twenties heads of family ambivalence were caused by diverse role dimensions (e.g., nursing, supporter, beneficiary, and independent subject roles). Revision of the present welfare system, particularly the protection system For teenage-early twenties heads of family was recommended. Further research is also needed to determine various factors harmful to their psychological welfare.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.53-75
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the "Authentic Parental Competence Scale" for mothers with school-age children. Based on a literature review, the study found that 'authentic parental competence' could be divided into parenting comperence, self-system competence, and social competence. In addition, the scale comprised three factors consisting of 43. The study collected data through behavior event interview(BEI), focus group interview(FGI), and three times Delphi investigation. The scale for mothers of school-age children consisted of a total of 129 items, which included three different dimensions (knowledge, skill, and attitude), and four factors were extracted from factor analysis following a survey of 362 mothers. The factors were labeled as "ability of developmental positive parenting," "ability of playing a role as a citizen and making social contributions," "ability of self-understanding and interpersonal relations," and "ability of self-growth and self-determination." In addition, the results revealed that the "Authentic Parental Competence Scale" showed an appropriate level of construct validity, reliability of the scales, distribution of item response, and item discrimination.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.519-532
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to make a comparative analysis of dietary habits, snacks, eating out and fast-food intake between students with a relatively early sexual maturity and others with a relatively late sexual maturity in a bid to grasp the impact of dietary behaviors on sexual maturity. The subjects in this study were 565 boys and girls who resided in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. They included fifth- and sixth-grade school children and seventh-grade middle school students. To classify the selected students according to the level of sexual maturity, the students of the same month age were divided into two groups in consideration of the stage of their sexual maturity and that of the other age groups. The early mature group was significantly taller and weighed more than the late mature group irrespective of gender. According to Tanner stages, the boys of the early mature group reached a 3.03 stage of sexual maturity when the sexual organs were taken into account, and those of the late mature group reached a 1.50 stage of sexual maturity. The girls of the early mature group reached a 3.43 stage of sexual maturity on the basis of breast, and those of the late mature group reached a 2.73 stage of sexual maturity. Concerning eating out, the early mature group ate out more frequently than the late mature group. In regard to snacks, the early mature group had a snack more often. The findings of the study indicated that there were differences in physical development and some dietary behaviors according to sexual maturity. The early mature group had a snack and ate out relatively more often than the late mature group, which showed that some dietary behaviors had an impact on the sexual maturity of the teens who arrived at the age of puberty.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 2022

The prevalence of developmental disabilities is increasing worldwide over time. Developmental issues in infancy or early childhood may cause learning difficulties or behavioral problem in school age, further adversely affecting adolescent quality of life, which finally lead to low socioeconomic status in family, increase in medical expenses, and other relevant issues in various ways. Early childhood has brain plasticity, which means there is a high chance of recovering from developmental issues by early detection and timely intervention. Pediatricians are placed an ideal position to meet with young children till 6 years of age, of which age range is the time applicable to early intervention. Determining child's developmental status can be made by 2 pathways such as developmental surveillance and developmental screening tests. For better results, pediatricians should update their knowledge about developmental issues, risk factors, and screening techniques through varying educational program or other relevant educating materials. This paper will update reports on the prevalence of developmental disabilities and review the recent results of the Korean developmental screening test and discuss relevant issues. Finally, it will be addressed the pediatrician's role in early detecting developmental issues and timely intervention.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.157-174
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was two-fold: first to explore the effects of mother-child attachment and effortful control at age 1 on preschoolers' school readiness at age 6, and second, to determine the mediating effect of a child's effortful control on the relationship between mother-child attachment at age 1 in relation to school readiness at age 6. Methods: Participants in this study were 205 five-year-old toddlers(106 boys, 99 girls) recruited for the Korea Child Panel Study. Mother-child attachment was assessed using the Attachment Q-sort(Waters, 1989). Preschooler's effortful control was measured by the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire: ECBQ(Putnam, Gartstein & Rothbart, 2006). Preschooler's school readness was measured by the School Readiness Scale Murphey & Burns, 2002). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and the structural equation modeling analysis. Results: First, mother-child attachment at age 1 effected school readiness at age 6. Effortful control at age 1 effected school readiness at age 6. Second, effortful control at age 1 mediated the effect of mother-child attachment at age 1 in relation to school readiness at age 6. Conclusion/Implications: Mother-child attachment at age 1 affects school readiness at age 6, and toddlers' effortful control at age 1 mediates the relationship between mother-child attachment in relation to school readiness at age 6.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.96-101
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• 2018

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the respiratory illness-related hospital visits (out-patient clinics, emergency room, and re-admission) of preterm infants, and compare them according to corrected age and prematurity. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of preterm infants born at <37 weeks of gestation admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Inha University Hospital between January 2012 and June 2015. Infant follow-up appointments in both neonatology and pulmonology out-patient clinics occurred for at least 2 years after NICU discharge. Results: The proportion of infants who visited the hospital due to any respiratory illness was as high as 50% until 12 months of corrected age, and subsequently decreased over time. Hospital admission was significantly higher in early preterm infants (<34 weeks of gestation) compared to late preterm infants (${\geq}34$ and <37 weeks of gestation). The proportion of infants who were re-admitted due to lower respiratory tract illness was significantly higher until 6 months of corrected age compared to the later, and did not differ between early and late preterm infants. Conclusion: The proportion of hospital visits of preterm infants due to respiratory disease was high until 12 months of corrected age. Most notably, the re-admission proportion from lower respiratory tract illness was high under 6 months in both early and late preterm infants. Preterm infants within this age that are visiting the hospital with respiratory symptoms should be carefully observed and followed up.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.459-473
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• 2011

The study of the early age concrete properties is becoming more important, as the thermal effects and the shrinkage, even in the first hours, could generate cracks, increasing the permeability of the structure and being able to induce problems of durability and functionality in the same ones. The detailed study of the stresses development during the construction process can be decisive to keep low the cracking levels. In this work a computational model, based on the finite element method, was implemented to simulate the early age concrete behavior and, specially, the evaluation of the cracking risk. The finite element analysis encloses the computational modeling of the following phenomena: chemical, thermal, moisture diffusion and mechanical which occur at the first days after the concrete cast. The developed software results were compared with experimental values found in the literature, demonstrating an excellent approach for all the implemented analysis.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 2014

Objective : The correlation between age of onset and symptoms/severity of panic disorder has not yet been determined. The aim of this research is to determine the different clinical features of panic disorder according to the age of onset. Methods : Patients diagnosed with panic disorder were placed into two groups according to onset of age. The subjects were checked for 13 different panic symptoms presented in the DSM-IV. The investigation was also executed by severity, the anxiety sensitivity index, the scale for depression and anxiety. Results : The early onset group had significantly higher frequencies than the late onset group in the areas of "choking feeling" and "derealization or paresthesia". It was found that only "choking feeling" was statically significant as a risk factor of early onset panic disorder. Among the objective anxiety scale, the subscale of psychological anxiety was higher in the early onset group compared to the late onset group. Conclusion : "Choking feeling" was the only panic symptom that showed a significant difference in accordance with onset age. Earlier onset patients tend to experience a more frequent "choking feeling," which is related to respiratory symptoms. This could mean that earlier onset patients are more likely to have higher psychological anxiety.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.189-212
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• 2000

This study investigated the adaptability of 3rd grade children in Taejon who had started first grade at 5 years of age. Subjects were 64 third grade children, half of whom had started first grade at 5 years and half at 6 years of age. Thirty-four parents and 36 elementary school teachers were also sampled. The General Intelligence Test, the Learning and Thinking Ability Test, and the Socio-Emotional Development Checklist were administered to the children. Parents and Teachers responded to the Questionnaire on the Adaptability of Early Entrance Children. There were no statistically significant differences between children who started first grade at 5 and those who started at 6 years of age in their Intelligence scores, Learning and Thinking Ability scores, and the Socio-Emotional Development scores. Parents as sell as teachers felt that the early entrance system was positive for children.