• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2013

This study was conducted to improve the managing and storing methods of the seeds of Aralia cordata var. continentalis (Kitagawa) Y.C.Chu, to examine the viability and the germination ability of seeds with different storing conditions and methods, and to develop new ways to propagate and have better healthy seedling. Therefore, the germination rate, days required for germinating seeds, and early growth responses of Aralia cordata var. continentalis (Kitagawa) Y.C.Chu were investigated with different storing temperatures, durations and methods. The germination rate was higher in stratified storage than that in dry storage condition. The highest germination rate was with outdoor temperature at 30 days after stratified storage. The days required for germinating seeds were less than 10 days with the treatment of $25^{\circ}C$ and outdoor temperature in stratified storage. In dry condition, they were shorter with $4^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ than those with $-20^{\circ}C$ and outdoor temperature. Leaf number of seedling was higher in stratified storage compared to that in dry condition, while it was not clearly different according to storage temperatures and durations. Leaf length and leaf width of seedling was not difference among the treatment of storage methods, temperatures, and durations. Stem length of seedling was higher in stratified storage than those in dry condition, while root length was not clearly different among the treatments. It would be assumed that temperatures, methods and durations of storage could affect much to the germination rate and the early seedling growth response.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.194-199
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• 1996

Seed size and days required to reach specific growth stages were determined for Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. varieties which are major grass species found in Korean paddy field and the results were compared with E. frumentacea (Roxb.) Link. In addition, responses of the Echinochloa species on preemergence herbicides (molinate, esprocarb, and mefenacet) were investigated with respect to time of application. One thousand seed weight of E. crus-galli var. oryzicola was about 3 times heavier than that of var. praticola, but was not significantly different that of E. frumentacea. Days requited to reach the 2.5 leaf-stage (LS) were 11, 13, and 14 days after seeding for E. frumentacea, E. crus-galli var. oryzicola, and E. crus-galli var. praticola, respectively. E. crus-galli var. praticola was more sensitive to molinate, esprocarb and mefenacet than var. oryzicola and the sensitivity of both the varieties decreased as the time of application LS was delayed. However, there was no great difference in the response for E. frumentacea when applied between 1.5 and 3.0 LS. In thiocarbamate hebicides esprocarb was more active to Echinochloa species than molinate and the higher the active ingredient of the herbicides, the greater was the activity to Echinochloa species. Differential susceptibility of Echinochloa species to the herbicides was not related to the seed size, but to the early growth stages at the time of herbicide application which were affected by the seed size.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2016

Purpose: The initiation of mandatory folic acid fortification using pteroylmonoglutamic acid (PteGlu) has reduced the rate of congenital malformations. However, it also appears to be responsible for several adverse effects, including increased cancer incidence. This may be related to physicho-chemical characteristics of PteGlu. This study examines the potential effect of high concentrations of PteGlu on a population subjected to mandatory folic acid fortification using an in vitro model. Methods: Caco-2 (colorectal cancer) and MCF7 (breast cancer) cell lines were cultured at 6 different PteGlu concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 50, 250, and $500{\mu}g/ml$) for 6 days. Cell growth was determined using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay. The genotype of dihydrofolate reductase 19bp deletion/insertion (DHFR 19-del) was also scored in cell lines using a restriction fragment length polymorphism technique to examine whether genetic variations may factor in cell proliferation. Results: PteGlu exhibited differential growth promoting properties between cell lines. Caco-2 cells did not show a significant growth difference at low concentrations compared to control, however, at higher concentrations, the growth showed a contrasting trend in the early experimental period, while MCF7 showed enhanced cell growth at all concentrations. The DHFR 19-del genotype differed in the two cell lines. Conclusions: Altered response to PteGlu by Caco-2 and MCF7 may reflect a tissue specific disease aetiology or genotype specific differential enzyme activity, for example by DHFR, to critical levels of PteGlu. As folic acid fortification is a blanket intervention, and DHFR and other enzyme activities vary between individuals, PteGlu intake may have an as yet undefined effect on health. These findings may be relevant when considering mandatory folic acid fortification for disease prevention.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.214-223
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• 2018

Oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) protein family is the major interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes responsible for the activation of RNase L pathway upon viral infection. OAS-like (OASL) is also required for inhibition of viral growth in human cells, but the loss of one of its mouse homolog, OASL1, causes a severe defect in termination of type I interferon production. To further investigate the antiviral activity of OASL1, we examined its subcellular localization and regulatory roles in IFN production in the early and late stages of viral infection. We found OASL1, but not OASL2, formed stress granules trapping viral RNAs and promoted efficient RLR signaling in early stages of infection. Stress granule formation was dependent on RNA binding activity of OASL1. But in the late stages of infection, OASL1 interacted with IRF7 transcripts to inhibit translation resulting in down regulation of IFN production. These results implicate that OASL1 plays context dependent functions in the antiviral response for the clearance and resolution of viral infections.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.3261-3265
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• 2014

Background: To evaluate serum VEGF-A levels in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) patients and relationships with response to therapy. Materials and Methods: Serum VEGF-A levels in patients (n=72) treated with radiotherapy (RT) or radio-chemotherapy (RCT) and controls (n=40) were measured by ELISA. Results: Serum VEGF-A levels of the SCCHN cases were significantly higher (p=0.001) than in healthy controls, and in patients with positive as compared to negative lymph node status (p=0.004). Similarly, patients with advanced stage (Stage III-IV) disease had more greatly elevated levels of serum VEGF-A level than their early stage (Stage I-II) counterparts (p=0.001). In contrast, there was no significant difference (p=0.57) in serum level of VEGF-A in patients with advanced T-stage (T3-4) as compared to early stage (T1-2). Similarly, patients with distant metastasis had no significant (p=0.067) elevation in serum VEGF-A level as compared to non-metastatic disease. However, the non-responder patients had significantly higher serum VEGF-A level as compared to responders (p=0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the serum VEGF-A level may be a useful biomarker for the prediction of response to therapy in SCCHN.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.227-238
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• 2011

There are similarities between Korea and Japan in terms of national planning and development system and housing policies. Japan has suffered from great shifts of social and economic systems due to skyrocketing land prices for three times and the collapse of the bubble economy after the Second World War. The study reviews historically important changes in the national territory and housing policies for last 60 years in Japan. It also investigates changing trends and characteristics of many socioeconomic indicators with regard to population, housing and other fields in response to these policies. First of all, Japan has experienced significant economic growth before and after the 1960's, and the era of national rebuilding projects in the 1970's. After then, the period of the bubble economy has emerged since 1980; however, it suffered from skyrocketing land values between the late 1980's and the early 1990's, and the collapse of Japanese bubble economy in the early 1990's. In response, many urban regeneration policies and projects were proposed to recover the national economy since 2000. It is found that these national territory development and housing supply policies throughout the country have been influenced by the changing characteristics of social and economic conditions. Since the housing supply ratio in 1968 reached up to around 100% on average, Japan has been focusing attention to improving the residential and living quality for existing housing stock rather than supplying new housing units through large-scale new town projects. These experiences are full of helpful suggestions for our future housing and urban regeneration policies as we reach to more than 100% of housing supply ratio on average.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.682-689
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• 2019

The Korean flowering cherry is a popular tree. However, the trees have started to defoliate early, including those in Gurye. Thus, it is necessary to identify the causes of the early defoliation and how to manage them. Therefore, the purpose of this study was threefold: 1) to investigate the early defoliation of flowering cherry trees, 2) to identify the differences in growth and flowering of the trees in response to treatment, and 3) to suggest an optimal treatment for the trees. The experiment was conducted in Gurye at a site 3km long with 102 flowering cherry trees along a street. There were three treatments: control, an environmentally friendly insecticide and a disinfectant(treatment 1), and an environmentally friendly insecticide, a disinfectant, and irrigation (treatment 2). The trees in Gurye were compared to trees on Jeju Island. The defoliation rates of the flowering cherry in Gurye were significantly higher than those on Jeju Island at each measurement time. Within Gurye, the defoliation rate was significantly higher in the trees of the control than in the two treatments and only the trees in the control from Gurye had shot-hole disease. Post-treatment, twigs collected from the control during April showed significantly poorer growth, lower numbers of flowering buds per twig, and lower numbers of foliar buds. The trees given treatment 1 showed significantly greater growth, number of total buds, flowering buds per twig, and density of buds than the trees given treatment 2. After analyzing the correlations, it was established that early defoliation led to poorer growth, affecting the flowering of the trees.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 2018

Quercus floribunda (Tilonj oak) is among the five species of Quercus and an evergreen tree found in Kumaun Himalayan region. Timing of germination is a crucial event determining the success of seedling establishment and survival. The aims of the study were to investigate the effect of sowing date on the germination and morphological responses of Tilonj oak (Quercus floribunda), cultivated during the month of August-September, with supplementary irrigation. The experiment was conducted by sowing seeds at two dates with one month interval in glass house conditions at DSB Campus, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Present study revealed that higher germination percentage (46.67 %) was recorded at sowing time $S_2$ as compared to the sowing time $S_1$ (32.86 %). Germination percentage as well as seedling growth were affected by sowing date though the differences were insignificant. At both the sowing dates, highest germination percentage was recorded for large seeds (32.86-46.67 %) followed by medium (31.43-33.33 %) and lowest germination (6.67-7.14 %) was recorded for small size seeds. In all parameters assessed, sowing time $S_2$ had the best performance in combination with large seed size. Thus, September is suitable month for best germination, growth and seedling vigour and large seed size is recommended to silviculturists and tree planters. The information on seed germination and seedling growth is vital both for conservation and rehabilitation of degraded lands.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.305-316
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• 2013

Non-protein amino acid, ${\beta}$-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA), has been involved in diverse physiological processes including seedling growth, stress tolerance and disease resistance of many plant species. In the current study, treatment of kimchi cabbage seedlings with BABA significantly reduced primary root elongation and cotyledon development in a dose-dependent manner, which adverse effects were similar to the plant response to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application. BABA was synergistically contributing ABA-induced growth arrest during the early seedling development. Kimchi cabbage leaves were highly damaged and seedling growth was delayed by foliar spraying with high concentrations of BABA (10 to 20 mM). BABA played roles differentially in in vitro fungal conidial germination, mycelial growth and conidation of necrotroph Alternaria brassicicola causing black spot disease and hemibiotroph Colletotrichum higginsianum causing anthracnose. Pretreatment with BABA conferred induced resistance of the kimchi cabbage against challenges by the two different classes of fungal pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that BABA is involved in plant development, fungal development as well as induced fungal disease resistance of kimchi cabbage plant.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.400-406
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• 1997

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of 42 pepper cultivars to postemergence applications of bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide]. Cultivars, Jopoong, Singsing House, Sweet Green, Kwangbok, and Ilcheon showed relatively tolerant response to bentazon, while cultivars, Dahhong, Early Glory, Korea, Cheongyang, Nostalgia, and Daejanggyeong were susceptible ones to it. At rates over 2.40 kg ai/ha, the tolerant cultivars appeared to be clearly or more tolerant than the susceptible cultivars. For the determination of growth inhibition by bentazon, the concentration required to reduce growth by 50% (GR_(50)) was 2.00 to 2.40 kg ai/ha for susceptible cultivars, and 10.00 to 12.00 kg ai/ha for tolerant cultivars. Moreover, the herbicide rate required to inhibit growth by 50% $(I_{50})$ was 2.40 kg ai/ha for susceptible cultivars and 9.60 kg ai/ha for tolerant cultivars, respectively. On the $I_{50}$ and $GR_{50}$ estimates of growth, the tolerant cultivars were 5- to 6-fold more tolerant to bentazon than susceptible ones.