Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
/
v.3
no.1
/
pp.31-46
/
1978
Consider a time interval during which the demand for trips is fixed (e.g. the rush hour period). The traveller has a choice between various public modes, whose travel times and fares are fixed, and the automobile mode, for which travel time and cost depend on the volume of traffic flow on those roads, which are subject to congestion. We consider the equilibrium in terms of a representative travellerm, who choses for any trip the mode and route with the least combined money and time cost. When several (parallel) model or routes are chosen, then the combined cost of money and time must be equal among these. Our problem is first, to find the optimal flows of cars and of public mode carriers on the various links of their networks and second the optimal fares for trips by the variousmodes. The object is to minimize the total operating costs of the carriers and car plus the total time costs to travellers. The optimal fares are related to, but not identical with the dual variables of the underlying Nonlinear Program. They are equal to these dual variables only in the case, when congestion tolls on trips or on the use of specific roads are collected from automobile users. When such tolls are not collected, they must be passed on as subsidies to travellers using competing modes. The optimal fares of public modes are then reduced by the amounts of these subsidies. Note that subsidies are not a flat payment to public carriers, but are calculated on the basis of tickets sold. Fares and subsidies depend in general on tile period considered. They will be higher during periods of higher demand. When the assumption of fixed trip demand is relaxed, this tare system is no longer best, but only second best since too much traffic will, in general, be generated. The Free Rider Theorem states the following : Suppose road tolls can be charged, so that a best pricing system for public modes is posssible. Then there may exist free rides on some routes and modes, but never on a complete round trip.
Nowadays economic and commercial businesses have been increased because of the Internet. As a result of this, electronic commerce is becoming one of the most Interesting topic of discussion. Electronic commerce is equal to a real market, only the place of business is the imaginary space supported by the Internet. There are a few conditions to consider, making electronic commerce work safely. The electronic commerce should be connected by a substantial system and an on-line Protocol. There are some conditions needed for information security, authentication, and payment by electronic currency etc. Although there are many kinds of existing systems, which create services successfully, further research for security is required. Therefore, this paper suggests an authenticated Agent management, which offers more convenience and security than before. Also, this paper shows many authenticated methods for a management system. An Agent that is one of interesting things to study can handle information problems and works related to electronic commerce.
Japanese state has continuously tried to adapt itself to the social demands coming from rapidly greying population. Japanese government introduced the new social insurance system of elderly care, i.e. Long term Care Insurance with epoch-making changes in the Japanese welfare system. The most important aspects of the new system can be summarised as follows: 1) social insurance system of obligatory entry with paying premiums and co-payment 2) emphasis on the customer choice, competition, flexibility, free-market, relaxation of the regulation. This characteristics brought unexpected results of the emergence of ethnicity-centred contents of welfare services. As a selling point in freemarket and as a countermeasures against expected ethnic disadvantages, the Korean ethnic organisations brought the ethnic elements resulting in the diversified Japanese welfare services.
Purpose Consumption behaviors of consumers have changed with the widespread use of the Internet and smart phones, and accordingly online marketing activities are becoming ever more prevalent. Yet, the domestic food-service industry has yet to offer an Omni-Channel order system that encompasses a online, offline, and mobile interface. Also, a multilingual menu ordering service for foreign tourists is not yet available. Therefore, if an order service system accessible online and offline which could provide multi-language services were implemented, the satisfaction of the service provider and domestic and foreign customers would be maximized. Design/methodology/approach By designing an electronic menu based on open an OS and providing electronic menus in offline stores, we have completed the design of a linked order system which would be available everywhere (online, offline, and mobile). The CMS was developed to integrate these three mediums and the entire operator was designed to receive basic information and statistical information about the merchants, or store operators. Also, a multilingual term dictionary containing menu information for foreign tourists was made into a database so that foreign tourists who are having difficulty in communication can use it more easily. Findings We have made it possible for customers to use the order service without distinction between online, offline, and mobile platforms, and have proved that it is a more efficient and convenient service for customers as well as operators. Nevertheless, as an initial model, the implemented system has limitations on the execution of the payment support method in the electronic menu board and in the management division of the CMS. In case of commercialization, it is necessary to make an alliance of efforts to attract initial franchises. Through further supplementation, we expect the online and offline connection-types martservice system will maximize the satisfaction of both operators and customers alike.
Adverse selection is a heavily scrutinized subject within the financial intermediary industry. Consensus is reached regarding its effect on the loan interest rate. Despite the similar features of financial service offered by the credit card, we still have controversy regarding credit card interest rate on how is adverse selection incurred with the change of interest rate. Thus, this paper explores how does the adverse selection, if ever, take place and affect the credit card interest rate. Information asymmetry regarding the credit card users' type represented by the default probability is assumed. The users are assumed to be rational in that they want to minimize the per unit dollar expense associated with the commercial transaction and financing between the two typical payment methods, cash and credit card. Suppliers, i.e. credit card companies, would like to maximize their profit and would be better off with more pervasive use of credit cards over the cash. Then we could show that the increasing credit card interest rate is subject to the adverse selection, sharing the same tenet with that of the bank loan interest rate proposed by Stiglitz and Weiss. Hence the current theory predicts that credit card market also suffers from adverse selection with increasing interest rate.
Banks traditionally focus on the financial services against the uncertain future liquidity needs, i.e. saving as well as lending. As the business model of banks has been shifted from the originate to hold model to the originate to distribute model since the enactment of Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act in 1999, the financial services encompass information gathering and generating, underwriting and risk sharing through packaging claims for the investors, in addition to the payment and settlement services. Ensued are the financial market integration and diversification of financial services, with which the accessibility to financial services is arguably significantly enhanced. Such integration and diversification necessarily entails the risk of contagion due to the non-fulfilling service over the several other financial services, which would be contained easily under the separate financial services. This paper addresses the pricing of fees for the integrated financial services through which the contagion could spread when the users of financial service are not immune to the failure to fulfill their obligation due to the economic turmoil. Consequently the information asymmetry about the clients is unavoidable. Higher fees could drive out the otherwise good clients out of the pool of customers for the financial services. Then, the risk could be exacerbated due to the proliferation of bad clients who are vulnerable to the financial distress and liquidity crunch. So the banks should take into account the interactional effect of the fees between/among the non interest based activities and interest based activities under the information asymmetry. Contrary to our general perception, the current analysis demonstrates that the bank should focus on the reduction of cost associated with good clients rather than that of bad clients.
In this study, we proposed a method to be standing customers as the supporting system for the improvement of fashion garment industry which was the marginal growth getting into full maturity of market. As for the customer creation method of Fashion garment company is developing a marketing program to be standing customer as customer scoring to estimate a existing customer‘s buying power, and figure out minimum fixed sales of company to use a future purchasing predict. This study was a result of data from total sixty thousands data to be created for the 11 months from september. 2000 to July. 2001. The data is part of which the company leading the Korean fashion garment industry has a lot of a customer purchasing history data. But this study used only 48,845 refined purchased data to discriminate from sixty thousands data and 21,496 customer case with the exception of overlapping purchased data among of those. The software used to handle sixty thousands data was SAS e-miner. As the analysis process is put in to operation the analysis of the purchasing customer’s profile firstly, and the second come into basket analysis to consider the buying associations for Association goods, the third estimate the customer grade of Customer loyalty by 3 ways of logit regression analysis, decision tree, Artificial Neural Network. The result suggested a method to be estimate the customer loyalty as 3 independent variables, 2 coefficients. The 3 independent variables are total purchasing amount, purchasing items per one purchase, payment amount by one purchasing item. The 2 coefficients are royal and normal for customer segmentation. The result was that this model use a logit regression analysis was valid as the method to be estimate the customer loyalty.
Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
/
v.14
no.1
/
pp.45-55
/
2018
Recently, because the arrival of the fourth industrial revolution era, many information and telecommunication services have grown rapidly in the mobile business market. So, companies are based Mobile Apps on user customized services and expanding their services. From the standpoint of the business, to generate revenue, the company needs to maintain the existing current computer environment and develop Mobile Apps to offer convenience in various areas such as finance, admiration, e-commerce and sales support. However, as the number of users increase due to expansion of various Mobile services, security threats that are related to Mobile Apps are increasing and its damage is also increasing. Due to the rapid technological transformation of Mobile devices using the Internet, the level of security threats to Smartphones are rising and getting more advance, so this thesis is structured as follows. In Chapter 2, it will look at the overall trends of Mobile Apps as related research. In Chapter 3, it will discuss various security concerns that related to the latest Mobile Apps and learn about the threatening factors. In Chapter 4, it will compare and analyze the threatening factors. Then it will find and suggest the possible plan. In Chapter 5, it will end with conclusion. Finally, to protect mobile devices from security threats, the environment of operating system which manages the resources and data of Apps needs to be protected. Also, it is important that users to have awareness and check activation FinTech technology security in the process of simple payment with fingerprint or IC card.
Means-Ends Network model was used to identify factors of means objective(means supplied by vendor) and fundamental objectives(purchasing motivations) for purchasing decision-making structure and dimensions of customer values on purchasers of internet shopping mall in Korea and China. In Means-Ends Network 6 factors(shopping travel, shipping assurance, vendor trust, online payment, product choice, and recommender systems) were found as a means objectives and 3 factors(shopping convenience, internet environment, customer support) as a fundamental objectives of shopping. However the results of hypotheses test for Means-Ends Network show some important differences between two countries. Something important to notice here is that Chinese customers shopping in China recognize shipping assurance factor and vendor trust factor as important factors satisfying all fundamental objectives unlike as in the case of our country. As these two factors are attribution factors responsible to the sellers, it is identified that customers do not trust the sellers and sellers have not met the expectations of customers. Therefore, these results show that the seller efforts assuring the reliability of the seller themselves, such as conducting its own compensation scheme are more important rather than the establishment of the guarantee institution to guarantee reliability and delivery assurance of sellers and implementation of legal and institutional apparatus such as the settlement of e-commerce licence system. Though this study presents such an important marketing implications, it can be pointed out that the limits are this research was done on the general Internet shopping malls without considering the Internet shopping mall types of diversity, the survey was designed around the student samples for convenience of the investigation because it was an international survey and the collected data has been limited to the western coast cities, such as China's Beijing, Shanghai, and Dalian.
Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
/
v.26
no.5
/
pp.642-653
/
2002
The purposes of this studs were 1) to identify web navigation values and classify consumers based on these values and 2) to determine differences between consumer groups and between types of shopping mall in evaluation of website attributes when shopping apparel. The data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire from 204 male and female students who experienced shopping at the website, living in Cheju and analyzed by factor analysis, cluster analysis and t-test. Two factors of navigation value were found and labeled as; information value and entertainment value. Two groups were identified based on navigation value; users of information value (53%) and users of entertainment value (47%). Significant differences between two groups were found in evaluating website attributes selling products of various types regarding apparel products and processes for information search, order and payment. However, for shopping mall website selling only apparel products, differences between two groups were not significant in evaluating most attributes except for two items to evaluate apparel products. Differences between shopping mall types (shopping malls selling products of various types and selling only apparel product) were significant in evaluation of internet users of information value regarding attributes of apparel products while differences between shopping mall types were not significant in evaluation of users of entertainment value regarding all attributes. Internet users of information value showed favor to shopping mall website of department store type chi e internet users of entertainment value showed favor to shopping mall website selling only apparel products.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.