• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

In this study, a HSPF model was developed to simulate runoff and water quality in the Haebancheon watershed, which has a high land area ratio and population density among the West Nakdong River watersheds. Various non-point source pollution control strategies were applied, and the reduction in pollutant loads and the exceedance rate of water quality standards were analyzed. The scenarios included basic road cleaning for reducing pollutant loads, runoff reduction measures considering extensive low-impact development techniques, and inflow reduction measures to mitigate non-point source pollution entering the river. In the first step, practical conditions such as the number of vehicles for road cleaning in Kimhae City were considered, while for the second and third steps, it was assumed that 50% of the applicable land use area was used to be applicable for the LID techniques. As a result of applying all three measures, it was analyzed that the BOD pollutant load could be reduced by 58.28%, T-N by 58.49%, and T-P by 51.56%. Furthermore, the 60th percentile of water quality measurements accumulated over 5 years was set as the target water quality, and a flow-duration curve was constructed. The exceedance rate of the flow-duration curve before and after applying non-point source pollution reduction measures was analyzed. As a result, for BOD, the exceedance rate decreased from 41.57% before applying the measures to 16.32% after, showing a 25.25% reduction in the exceedance rate. For T-N, the exceedance rate decreased significantly from 40.31% before the measures to 22.84% after, and for T-P, it decreased significantly from 62.43% to 27.22%.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.537-548
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: South Korea has been conducting the Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project since 2015 to reduce sodium contents in restaurant menus. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the sodium content of menus as determined by the Daegu Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project between 2015 and 2019. MATERIALS/METHODS: Intervention was aimed at reducing the sodium contents of over 10% of menu items in participating restaurants. On-site inspections and evaluations were conducted using a checklist, and reductions in sodium contents were determined by analyzing the salinities and sodium contents of menus after intervention. RESULTS: Post-intervention salinities and sodium contents were significantly lower than baseline values in 2016 (P < 0.001), 2017 (P < 0.001), 2018 (P < 0.001), and 2019 (P < 0.001). However, sodium contents and salinities differences before and after intervention were not significant in 2015. Sodium contents of more than 20% of menu items offered by restaurants that participated in the Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project for 2 yrs starting in 2016 declined by 28.9%. On the other hand, the sodium reduction rate achieved by restaurants that participated for 4 yrs from 2015 reached 55.4%. The percentage of restaurants that participated in the project increased annually, though some failed to be designated as Sodium Reduction Restaurants because they did not meet sodium reduction rate requirements. CONCLUSIONS: Positive correlations were found between duration of participation in the project and sodium reduction and designation rates. Sustainable long-term support at the national level is required to expand the project to other regions.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.177-186
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was performed to analyze treatment outcomes of idiopathic and secondary frozen shoulder patients with clinical characteristics, as well as percentage of pain reduction, and to find out relevant factors for pain reduction in the frozen shoulders of each patient group. Methods : Data were collected from outpatients who visited the Acupuncture and Moxibustion department and treated with traditional Korean Medical treatments at a Korean Medicine Hospital from June 12, 2006 to June 30, 2015. Patients were divided into two groups; idiopathic and secondary frozen shoulder, based on imaging and medical records. Clinical characteristics (demographic characteristics, disease characteristics, treatment characteristics) and percentage pain reduction were collected. Percentage pain reduction was compared between two groups and relevant factors for pain reduction were analyzed. Results : 78 outpatients'medical records were reviewed. There was no significant difference of clinical characteristics between idiopathic and secondary frozen shoulder patients. In percentage pain reduction, there was no significant difference between the two groups. In the idiopathic frozen shoulder group, patients who had a short duration from the onset had a tendency for less pain (p<0.05). In the secondary frozen shoulder group, patients taking herbal medicine experienced significantly less pain (p<0.05). Conclusions : We could find no significant difference in percentage pain reduction with traditional Korean medicine between idiopathic and secondary frozen shoulder. Duration from the onset could be relevant in percentage pain reduction in idiopathic frozen shoulder, and taking herbal medicine could be relevant in the percentage pain reduction in secondary frozen shoulder.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.168-169
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• 2015

SMART Frame is a composite precast concrete structure system to deliver the advantages of both steel frame and reinforced concrete. Many studies have established to date that SMART Frame is more advantageous than conventional frame-type structure in terms of structural stability, constructability, economic viability as well as reduction of construction schedule. However, such studies have focused primarily on wall-type or flat slab-type apartment housing structures, failing to include Rahmen structures in their scope. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the benefits of potential application of SMART Frame to RC Rahmen structures. As the structural stability and constructability of SMART Frame is already proven, this study reviews its benefits from the perspective of cost reduction. Conclusion of this study will be used subsequently in predicting the benefits of SMART Frame when it is adapted to RC Rahmen structures.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.79-84
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• 2004

We evaluated the reduction performance of NOx storage catalyst and TWC for lean-burn natural gas engine by the model gas. The method of unsteady state reaction was used to compare with reduction performances of NOx storage catalyst and TWC. It was found that the effective parameter was rich spike duration, temperature of the model gas. In the presence of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ in the reaction mixture was decreased the NOx reduction performance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.543-546
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• 2008

In the present study, the effect of cold reduction ratio on the spherodization rate of SK85 high carbon steel sheet was investigated. High carbon steel sheet fabricated by POSCO was soaked at $800^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr in a box furnace and then treated at $570^{\circ}C$ for 5 min in a salt bath furnace followed by water quenching to obtain a fine pearlite structure. Cold rolling was conducted on the sheets of fine pearlite by reduction ratios of 20, 30, and 40 % and heat treatment for spheroidization was carried out at $720^{\circ}C$ for the various time intervals from 0.1 to 32 hrs. Area fraction of spheroidized cementite was measured with an image analyzer as a function of cold reduction ratios and duration times.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2001

To clarify the proper and safe duration of maturation periods for sawdust-pig manure composts, leaf lettuces were applied with pig manure composts fermented for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 days and 1 year (control) and cultivated in a plastic house with or without additional PE film tunnel. The changes in physiochemical properties of soil and leaf lettuce growth were measured. Shorter duration of maturation periods enhanced the generation of N $H_3$ gas from the composts and resulted in significant decrease in seed germination, growth and yield of leaf lettuce. Under with and without PE tunnel conditions the concentration of N $H_3$ from compost over 3.8 and 2.1 mg/100g composts, respectively induced growth reduction. In proportion to the increase of maturation duration saw-dust containing pig manure exhibited decrease in C/N ratio, N $H_4^{+}$-N, N $H_4^{+}$N $O_3^{-}$ ratio but increase in N $O_3^{-}$-N contents. In case of applying pig manure compost without PE film tunnel condition the minimum maturation period of pig manure composts for safe leaf growth was 60 days, while minimum 75 days of maturation was required when applied with PE film tunnel. tunnel.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 1987

The effects of higenamine were investigated in the single atrial and ventricular myocyte of the guinea pig by using patch clamp method. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Isoprenaline which is known to be ${\beta}-agonist$ increased the duration of action potential and calcium current in ventricular cells. 2) Higenamine also increased the duration of action potential and calcium current in ventricular myocytes. And its effect was blocked by propranolol. 3) In the atrial cells, isoprenaline showed ${\beta}-agonist$ effects, which were increasing the duration of action potential and calcium current same as in ventricular cells. 4) Higenamine, however, showed the opposite effects of ${\beta}-agonist$ which were decreasing the duration of action potential and calcium current. The above results suggest that higenamine has the typical ${\beta}-agonist$ effect in ventricular cells but inhibitory effect in atrial cells and this effect on atrium could be due to the reduction of calcium current.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.177-180
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• 2000

Backgrounds： Patients with respiratory failure may require prolonged mechanical ventilation. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal time for tracheostomy and complications of tracheostomy. Methods : All medical records of 27 patients who underwent tracheostomy in department of thoracic & cardiovascular surgery at Yondong Severance hospital between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 1998, were reviewed. Variables analyzed include underlying disease, primary indication of tracheostomy, interval from 1st intubation to tracheostomy, duration from tracheostomy to weaning ventilator, duration of decannulation, and complication. There were 18 men and 9 women. Mean age at the time of the tracheostomy was 54 years (rage, 11 to 64 yeras). Results : Underlying diseases included lung cancer in 14 patients (51.9%), trauma in 8 patients (29.6%), and TE fistula in 2 patients. The indication for tracheostomy were as follows: prolonged mechanical ventilation in 13 patients, purpose of bronchial toilet in 9 patients, and tracheal stenosis in 5 patients. The mean interval between the first intubation and tracheostomy was 8.1 days. The mean duration from tracheostomy to weaning ventilator was 10.1 days. Conclusions : Timing of tracheostomy Is very important. Tracheostomy may benefit patients because it can accelerate the process of weaning and thus lead to a reduction in the duration of ventilation, length of hospitalization, and cost.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.7-8
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• 2015

Formwork accounts for 10% of the total construction cost and 30~40% of the framework cost, which is a fairly large part. Various system forms were developed for improved economic feasibility and constructability of formwork and for reduced construction duration. In general, the price of system forms per unit area is higher than that of the conventional method, yet the total construction cost can be reduced through higher reusability and constructability. However, if the reusability of forms is excessively increased to cut down the material cost, it may increase the construction duration, which will result in cost increase. On the other hand, if the reusability is decreased for reduction of construction duration, it may lead to cost increase caused by excessive input of materials. To solve such a problem, an algorithm for simplified reuse planning that meets the requirements of construction duration, cost, quality and safety is required. In this regard, the study intends to perform a fundamental research for development of reuse planning automation algorithms on system forms that are used on girders and beams.