In spite of the bad conditions of fashion companies: the number of licit wear consumers in Korea are increasing because knit wear gives a body with an comfort action. Domestic knit wear industry, however, doesn't have any standard fur satisfying consumers'needs and for quality estimation on that. So we examined the knit wearers'conception of the quality to broaden the knowledge of knit wear and produce better products. The purpose of this study was to find out the factors of wearer's perception. This study carried out through a qualitative approach. The subject of this study were 17 single women who were 20's and living in Seoul and Kyoungki province. The item of this questionary was as follow: 1) what they know about knit wear and how much they are satisfied with that 2) what the wearers think the problems of knit wear are 3) how knitted wear industry can satisfy consumers's needs and take into account consumer feedback in product development The results of this study were summarized as follows. 1. The wearers had no knowledge about materials, sewing methods, patterns, knitting methods, and gage. 2 The wearers didn't recognize the differences between the products by famous brand and obscure conventional market. For that reason, the high price knit wear wont satisfy wearer. 3. The wearers didn't prefer the revealing their body shapes. 4. Laundering was the big problem which was they chosen the knit wear. They take it for granted that the knit wear needs dry-cleaning or hand-washing. Knit wear industry tries to make it easy laundering by development knit material.
The LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic) technology meets the requirements for high quality microelectronic devices and microsystems application due to a very good electrical and mechanical properties, high reliability and stability as well as possibility of making integrated three dimensional microstructures. The wet process, which has been applied to the etching of the metallic thin film on the ceramic substrate, has multi process steps such as lithography and development and uses very toxic chemicals arising the environmental problems. The other side, Plasma technology like ion beam sputtering is clean process including surface cleaning and treatment, sputtering and etching of semiconductor devices, and environmental cleanup. In this study, metallic multilayer pattern was fabricated by the ion beam etching of Ti/Pd/Cu without the lithography. In the experiment, Alumina and LTCC were used as the substrate and Ti/Pd/Cu metallic multilayer was deposited by the DC-magnetron sputtering system. After the formation of Cu/Ni/Au multilayer pattern made by the photolithography and electroplating process, the Ti/Pd/Cu multilayer was dry-etched by using the low energy-high current ion-beam etching process. Because the electroplated Au layer was the masking barrier of the etching of Ti/Pd/Cu multilayer, the additional lithography was not necessary for the etching process. Xenon ion beam which having the high sputtering yield was irradiated and was used with various ion energy and current. The metallic pattern after the etching was optically examined and analyzed. The rate and phenomenon of the etching on each metallic layer were investigated with the diverse process condition such as ion-beam acceleration energy, current density, and etching time.
Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene, PCE), a dry cleaning and degreasing solvent, can enter ground-water through accidental leak or spills. PCE can be degraded to trichloroethylene (TCE), 1, 1-dichloroethylene (DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) as potential bio-product. These compounds have been reported that they can cause clinical diseases and cytotoxicity. However, only a little genotoxic information of these compounds has been known. In this study, we investigated DNA single strand breaks of PCE, TCE, DCE and VC by single cell gel electrophoresis assay, (comet assay) which is a sensitive, reliable and rapid method for DNA single strand breaks with mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells. From these results, $37.5\;{\mu}g/ml$ of PCE, $189\;{\mu}g/ml$ of TCE and $56.4\;{\mu}g/ml$ of DCE were revealed significant DNA damages in the absence of S-9 metabolic activation system meaning direct-acting mutagen. And in the presence of S-9 metabolic activation system, $41.5\;{\mu}g/ml$ of PCE, $328.7\;{\mu}g/ml$ of TCE and $949\;{\mu}g/ml$ of DCE were induced significant DNA damage. In the case of VC, it was revealed a significant DNA damage in the presence of S-9 metabolic activation system. Therefore, we suggest that chloroethylene compounds (PCE, TCE, DCE and VC) may be induced the DNA damage in a mammalian cell.
The purpose of this study was to examine the dyeing properties of four kinds of composite yams that were twisted in different processes. The composite yarns consist of acetate and functional polyester in ratio of 70 : 30. The composite yams were dyed at 100$^{circ}C$ and 125$^{circ}C$ using three types of dyes, disperse dyes for acetate fiber, PET fiber and PET-acetate blended fiber, in the three primary colors. The exhaustion($\%$) and K/S value were observed for each case. Also the effects of four different twisting processes to dyeing properties and physical properties were examined. Regardless of twisting methods, the composite yarns that were dyed at 125$^{circ}C$ had higher exhaustion($\%$) than those were dyed at 100$^{circ}C$ with all three types of dyes; However, tendency of the K/S value after reduction cleaning process was measured at 100$^{circ}C$ and the value measured 125$^{circ}C$ had a great difference with disperse dyes for acetate and dyes for PET. The difference of the K/S values of composite yarns, when dyed at 100$^{circ}C$ and 125$^{circ}C$ with disperse dyes for PET-acetate blended fiber, was almost negligible. According to twisting methods K/S values were in the following order: AP1 > AP3 > AP4> AP2. This means that AP1, treated at 220$^{circ}C$, had the highest K/S value and K/S value becomes higher as the yam is higher twisted and becomes lower as lower twisted. On the other hand, the dry shrinkage and wet shrinkage showed low shrinkage rate when the twist was high and steam setting temperature was high.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the gap in perceived importance-performance between dietitians and parents regarding school foodservice sanitation practices, to establish a plan for improving the school foodservice monitoring that is conducted by parents. A survey was given using questionnaires and was distributed to 31 school foodservice dietitians and to parents who attended sanitation education in October 2006. All statistical analyses were conducted using the SAS package program(version 8.2 for Windows) for descriptive analysis, t-test, and importance-performance analysis(IPA). The results of the IPA showed the following areas as improvement priorities: (1) contracting with a reliable suppliers, (2) securing proper refrigerator and freezer capacity and checking temperatures, (3) adequate design and construction of foodservice facilities and equipment, and (4) ensuring trays and utensils are clean, dry, and stored in a way that prevents contamination. The results of the IPA illustrated that school foodservice dietitians performed well in 8 out of the 21 sanitation management items. The perceived importance by parents was higher than by dietitians for accurate record keeping and documentation of HACCP worksheets(p<0.01), appropriate cleaning plans and practices(p<0.05), garbage management of inner kitchens (p<0.05), and garbage management of external kitchens(p<0.05). On the other hands, the perceived importance by dietitians was higher than that of parents for contracting with a reliable suppliers(p<0.05) and adequate design and construction of foodservice facilities and equipment(p<0.01). According to the performance analysis there were significant differences between dietitians and parents in six out of the twenty-one items. For these six items, the evaluated degree of performance by parents was higher than that of dietitians. In conclusion, proper education programs should be planned and regularly performed for the student's patents who take part in school foodservice monitoring in order to improve on their monitoring.
The natural dyeing of silk fabrics with guava leaf extract was investigated. Mixed components of flavonoid and tannin seem to be the components of guava leaf extract. The temperature and time for dyeing of silk fabrics with guava leaf extract were $40^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$ for eighty minutes, respectively. The dyeing equilibrium was shown at the fourth time of repeated dyeing. The highest K/S value was recorded at pH 3. Fe-mordanted fabrics showed the highest K/S value. High K/S values were shown in the post-mordanting of dyed fabrics at $40^{\circ}C$ and the pre-mordanting of dyed fabrics at $90^{\circ}C$. After repeated dyeing and mordanting, various color change occurred with mordant treatment. Surface colors were changed to YR color in alkaline water extract and to Y color in acidic water and ethanol extract, respectively. The washing fastness was level 3-4 for Sn-mordanted fabrics and level 4 for Fe-mordanted fabrics, and the dry cleaning fastness also showed very excellent result with level 4-5. The rubbing fastness was satisfactory with level 3-4. The light fastness was above level 4 only when Fe-mordanting was conducted, and the rest of dyed fabrics was not fast enough. In the antibacterial activity, the powder of guva leaf extract showed 99.9% of high antibacterial activity and Staphylococcus aureus showed 99.6% in dyed fabric. All dyed fabrics showed higher deodorization and UV protection rate than control fabric.
Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera gaertn) is intimate plant to many people that it has clean and noble characteristics despite growth in the mud. Especially Lotus seedpods, byproduct of lotus, are rich in oligometric procyanidins and could be a new source of procyanidins. Procyanidins, also known as condensed tannins, are a class of polyphenols. In other words lotus seedpod contains plenty of tannins. Commonly tannins colorants could increase adsorption and fastness properties in fabric dyeing. This study was made to investigate colorants characteristics of lotus seedpod and various colorfastness properties of dyed silk fabrics. The wavelength of maximum absorption of lotus seedpod solution appeared at 273.5 nm from UV-vis spectrophotometer. From the results of FT-IR spectra measurements, IR absorption band of lotus seedpod colorants appeared at $3415cm^{-1}$, $2900cm^{-1}$ and $1620cm^{-1}$ by tannin structure. And tannin ingredient contents was the highest at pH 9 and flavonoid at pH 11. Lotus seedpod colorants showed relatively good affinity at pH 3 on silk fabrics and optimum dyeing temperature and time for silk was for 50 min, at $80^{\circ}C$. K/s of Light fastness according to different washing method was the highest at process including ironing and ${\Delta}E$ was the lowest. All of fastness(Light rubbing laundering perspiration dry cleaning) showed excellent results over 4 or 4-5 grades.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the dyeing properties and anti-microbial ability of silk and wool fabrics dyed with Terminalia chebula Retzius(TCR) extract using two extraction solvent, hot water and methanol. Dyeing properties of fabrics were studied by investigating the characteristics of colorant, changes in dye uptake under different dyeing conditions, and by investigating color change when mordants were applied. Also, color fastness, and antimicrobial activity of dyed fabrics were estimated. Regardless of extraction solvent type, colorant showed maximum absorption wavelength at 280 nm and 578 nm, which implied that tannin was the major pigment component of TCR. Also, through FT-IR spectrum result, it was confirmed that tannin of TCR methanol extract was hydrolysable tannin. But for the hot water extract, it was only assumed that its tannin was condenced tannin. Fabric dyed with hot water solvent extract showed higher dye uptake than fabric dyed with methanol solvent extract, dye uptake increasing by higher concentration of the dye, longer dyeing time and higher dyeing temperature. And the absorption curve between TCR extract and protein fiber was shaped in the form of Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fabric dyed without mordant was yellow in color, and when dyed with mordant, fabric showed various colors depending on mordant types except Sn. Color fastness to washing was generally fine and color fastness to light was moderate. But color fastness to rubbing and dry cleaning was outstanding. Lastly, dyed fabrics showed very good antimicrobial activity of 99.9% against Staphylococcus aureus and Kiebsiella pneumoniae.
This study finds surface color and functions of natural dyeing from Chamaecyparis obtusa leaves which help cure skin problems such as atopic dermatitis. This study also seeks to find dyeing properties and functions of natural colorants derived from Chamaecyparis obtusa and Rubia tinctorum on silk. Dyeing properties and functions are compared between silks dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa and silks composite-dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa and Rubia tinctorum. The comparison examines the feasibility of developing healthy and high functional fabrics and wellness of fashion merchandises. Silk dyeing with Chamaecyparis obtuse leaves yields yellow and double coloring from Chamaecyparis obtusa; however, Rubia tinctorum yields yellow/red on silks. Silks dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa and silks composite-dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa and Rubia tinctorum show a high level on dry cleaning, ultraviolet protection and deodorization. Especially, the dyed silks from leaves of Chamaecyparis obtusa show a 99.7% antimicrobial effect against staphylococcus aureus ATCC 653B. Silks composite-dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa and Rubia tinctorum are better known for medicinal herb for dermatitis, and natural colorant, Rubia tinctorum does not improve significantly functions compared with silks dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa. However, the dyeing properties improve by composite dyeing. This implies that ways to maximize effects of tie-dyeing technique could be developed.
The natural dyeing industry has been faced with increasing demands of constant needs for environmentally and body friendly clothing products among modern consumers. Natural dyeing has attracted attention as a next-generation technology in green textiles. Dyestuffs need to be diversified for technological development activation in order to meet the increasing demands for natural dyeing. This study extracted dyeing solutions from the leaves of the Rose of Sharon (the national flower of South Korea) and investigated its dyeing properties for the development of various natural dyestuffs. This study investigates the dyeability of silk fabrics with Rose of Sharon leaves extract. Optimal conditions for dyeing of silk fabrics with the extract of Rose of Sharon were $40^{\circ}C/80min$ and $90^{\circ}C/60min$ with 100% concentration. Looking at the results, it showed the best K/S value at pH3, Sn pre-mordanting and Fe post-mordanting. Color fastness to washing, dry cleaning, rubbing and perspiration was good at grade 4-5 or 4. However, light fastness was observed in grade 2. In aspect of functional property, it showed an excellent result of 90% deodorization rate. In addition, its proven functionalities (deodorant properties) will help to produce high value added environment-friendly products. Those findings demonstrate the possibilities of the Rose of Sharon as an environment-friendly dye.
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