• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 2022

This study was conducted to confirm the relationship between smart device usage time, eye health status, and eye management consciousness during the COVID-19 Pandemic period for college students in the health field. The study participants were 188 health-related university students, and data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients using the SPSS 26.0 program. As a result of the study, the average of the subjects' eye fatigue score was 15.23±13.71, the dry eye subjective symptom score was 21.87±12.02, and the eye health management consciousness score was 3.48±1.09. Eye care awareness, dry eye symptoms (r=.152, p=.005) and eye fatigue, dry eye symptoms (r=.650, p<.001) were statistically significant positive correlation in the group using smartphones for 2 hours or more per day on average. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to find a way to prevent eye health due to the use of smart devices by college students, and repeated studies are needed to confirm the factors affecting eye health.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate influence of cellular phone videos and games on dry eye syndrome in university students. Methods: A randomized comparison group pre-post design is used. Sixty university students were randomly assigned to either a video or a game group. Frequencies of blinking, dry eye symptoms scores and amounts of tears were measured. Thirty subjects watched cellular phone video programmes and the other 30 subjects played cellular phone games for 61 minutes. In addition, frequencies of blinking were measured three times during treatment, once immediately after a treatment and twice at an interval of 20 minutes after subsequent treatments. Results: Post-test scores of frequencies of blinking significantly decreased, dry eye symptoms scores including amounts of tears significantly increased greater than pre-test scores in both groups. But there were no significant differences between the groups. Frequencies of blinking were significantly different with respect to the time spent using cellular phone. In both groups, the lowest frequencies of blinking were shown after 40 minutes of cellular phone use. Conclusion: This study shows that using cellular phone has negative influence on dry eye syndrome and eyes require a resting period after cellular phone use over 40 minutes.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.499-504
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• 2014

Purpose: This study is to evaluate the accuracy of dry eye screening test by comparing coincidences between three types of questionnaires and objective tests. Methods: 90 adults were classified into the normal and dry eye groups using evaluations of three types of questionnaires (SPEED, OSDI, TERTC-DEQ) and objective tests (NIBUT, Schirmer test). Coincidences-between the results of objective tests and questionnaires were compared and analyzed for dry eye diagnosis. Results: Coincidences between NIBUT test and each questionnaire were 83.3% by SPEED, 77.8% by OSDI and 72.3% by TERTC-DEQ, respectively. Concordance by SPEED was highest among three types of questionnaire. Coincidences between the Schirmer test and each questionnaire were 57.8% by SPEED, 58.9% by OSDI and 73.3% by TERTC-DEQ, respectively, thus coincidence by TERTC was higher than by others. But coincidences by Schirmer test were generally lower than those by NIBUT test. Conclusions: SPEED questionnaire showed the highest concordance with objective test as compared with others. Therefore, SPEED is expected to be used usefully to diagnose dry eyes.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 2013

Glaucoma is a potentially blinding chronic disease requiring life-long commitment to medical therapy. Failure to adhere to anti-glaucoma treatment may lead to disease progression and visual loss. This study surveyed the adherence to glaucoma eye drop and eye drop instillation technique of glaucoma patients and analyzed the improvement of the adherence and installation technique after patient education for eye drop instillation instructions. Collected responses were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Spearman's correlation coefficient, or one sample proportion test. The survey after patient education for proper eye drop instillation revealed that, even if the patients experienced the adverse effect of their eyes getting dry, they used the eye drop more regularly. They were better at instillation techniques like putting the eye drop inside the eye, and also avoiding applying too much medication or touching their eye with the eye drop bottle. Also, when the patients were divided into groups based on etiologic division, there was difference among groups regarding which category they answered has improved. The result showed improvement in adherence to glaucoma eye drop and eye drop instillation technique after patient education, implicating that patient education is an important aspect of eye care for glaucoma patient and helps them participate in the proper management.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.1103-1107
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical effect of intense regulated pulse light (IRPL) and changes in tear film thickness in dry eye patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 25 patients with Meibomian gland dysfunction who had subjective dry eye discomfort and whose tear film break-up time (TBUT) was < 10 seconds. All patients were treated with IRPL three times on days 1, 15, and 45. TBUT, Schirmer 1 test results, cornea staining score with fluorescein, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), and lipid layer thickness were measured and compared before and after the procedure. Results: TBUT was significantly increased from $3.7{\pm}1.2s$ to $4.4{\pm}2.1s$ after IRPL (p = 0.03). Schirmer 1 test and cornea staining scores changed significantly (p < 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). OSDI also showed a statistically significant improvement from $39.5{\pm}17.5points$ to $30.4{\pm}18.7points$ (p = 0.01). However, no significant difference in lipid layer thickness was observed (p = 0.49). Conclusions: IRPL is an effective treatment modality to improve TBUT, Schirmer 1 test scores, cornea staining scores, and subjective dry eye symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the influence of indoor air qualities of an office environment on dry eye syndrome for wearing contact lens and non-wearing contact lens. Methods: To study the effects of indoor air qualities on dry eye syndrome for seventy-one subjects, $CO_2$, temperature, humidity, TSP, PM10, HCHO were measured. Each subject was tested by a McMonnie's dry eye syndrome questionnaire, a Schirmer Tear Test-I (S.T.T-I), a Schirmer Tear Test-II with anesthetics (S.T.T-II), and Tear film break-up time (T.B.U.T) in the their offices. Results: There was significant relation between the indoor air quality and dry eye syndrome for wearing contact lens and non-wearing when TSP was over $200{\mu}g/m^3$, PM10 was higher than $86.7{\mu}g/m^3$ and Formaldehyde was over $0.4{\sim}1.0{\mu}g/m^3$. However, there was no significant effect on dry eye syndrome with $CO_2$ (p=.0146), temperature (p=0.074) and humidity (p=0.053). Conclusions: It was indicated that $CO_2$, temperature and humidity were no effect on dry eye syndrome in the office environment. However TSP, PM10, formaldehyde, and wearing contact lens were effect on dry eye syndrome. Therefore, the entire management of wearing contact lens and the individual evaluation of the indoor air quality are required.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.185-190
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of systemic chronic inflammatory state on dry eye syndrome as a local chronic inflammatory condition. From June 16, 2016 to December 31, 2016, 726 patients who visited the general health examination center were screened using the Schirmer's test and the metabolic syndrome screening test. A total of 214 patients who were studied for hs-CRP and HbA1c were simultaneously selected for the study as well. Dry eye syndrome significantly increased in higher age groups (p<0.001) and women (p=0.020); there was no significant relationship with fasting plasma glucose, hs-CRP. In addition, as HbA1c increased the risk for dry eye syndrome also increased (β=1.960, p=0.025). Therefore, dry eye syndrome may not caused by microvascular changes in the lacrimal gland due to chronic inflammatory conditions. In diabetic patients, long-term blood glucose control may be more important than short-term blood glucose control. The high prevalence of dry eye syndrome in diabetic patients is thought to be due to autonomic dysfunction rather than microvascular changes caused by chronic inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate three different mixed formulations of sodium hyaluronate (SH) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) using a low-humidity air flow-induced rat dry eye model and determine the most suitable mixture. The total thickness of the cornea, corneal epithelial thickness, corneal stroma thickness, damaged corneal epithelium percentage region, thickness of the bulbar conjunctiva epithelium, number of goblet cells, goblet cell occupation percentage region, and damaged bulbar conjunctiva epithelium percentage region were measured by histomorphological evaluation. After 5 h exposure to drying airflow, the thickness of the cornea and conjunctiva was decreased with desquamation of the corneal and conjunctiva epithelium. However, these dry eye symptoms were markedly inhibited by treatment with the reference and test formulations. More favorable effects on decreased thickness were detected in response to the CMC than the SH. However, SH had a greater protective effect against corneal and conjunctiva epithelial damage. The application of a mixture of 0.1% SH and 0.2% CMC showed more favorable effects on the corneal and conjunctival damage and the stabilization of the ocular surface than SH or CMC alone.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2012

Objective : The endpoint of this trial is to verify therapeutical availability of conventional western eyedrops combined with acupuncture treatment by means of BUT(tear film break-up time), Schirmer's test, which have been considered to be typical methods for diagnosing dry eye syndrome. Methods : The subjects of this trial included the outpatients who had been diagnosed with dry eye syndrome in Pusan national university hospital and underwent acupuncture treatment from March 2011 to April 2011. They received acupuncture treatment once a week, three times while constantly using Restasis or artificial tears. We collated and analyzed the outcome data of Schirmer's test and BUT conducted at the beginning of this trial and three times more after each acupuncture treatments. Acupoints, such as, Chanjuk(BL2), Eoryo, Sajukgong(TE23), Taeyang, Sabaek(ST2), limited around both eyes were selected based on their clinical effects referring to medical books. Results : 1. From BUT test results, Restasis and acupuncture combined group showed statistically significant difference, however, artificial tears and acupuncture combined group showed difference only between before and after the treatment, which is not statistically significant. 2. From Schirmer's test results, Restasis and acupuncture combined group showed statistically significant difference, however, artificial tears and acupuncture combined group showed difference only between before and after the treatment, which is not statistically significant. 3. The average duration of treatment was statistically 16.3 days for Restasis and acupuncture combined group. Conclusions : Combination of acupuncture and Restasis for dry eye syndrome can shorten the duration of treatment. Therefore, clinical benefit is expected to be worth.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.42-58
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• 2019

Objectives : The aim of this study is to review the methodology of clinical trials conducted with the acupuncture and moxibustion treatment on Dry eye syndrome. Methods : Through four foreign online databases(PubMed, Cochrane library, EMBASE, CNKI) and two domestic online databases(NDSL, OASIS), we searched for clinical studies that performed moxibustion for dry eye syndrome from 2000 to December 2018. Only randomized controlled trials(RCT) were selected and anlyzed according to the research method. Results : A total 12 studies were reviewed and conducted in China. BL1, ST2, BL2 were most frequently used acupoints in moxibustion treatment. Among the evaluation indexes, Schirmer I Test(SIT), Tear break-up time(BUT) were used most. In most of the 12 studies, moxibustion treatment showed significant therapeutic effects. Conclusions : These results suggest that it is necessary to develop more detailed standards about moxibustion treatment method as the method of moxibustion is getting more diverse, and objective tools are needed in evaluating dry eye syndrome.