• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.390-397
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• 2010

Residual solvents in foods are defined as organic volatile chemicals used or produced in manufacturing of extracts or additives, or functional foods. The solvents are not completely eliminated by practical manufacturing techniques and they also may become contaminated by solvents from packing, transportation or storage in warehouses. Because residual solvents have no nutritional value but may be hazardous to human health, there is a need to remove them from the final products or reduce their amounts to below acceptable levels. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an analytical method for the screening of residual solvents in health functional foods. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to constitute a reasonable management system based on the current state of the market and case studies of foreign countries. Eleven volatile solvents such as MeOH, EtOH, trichloroethylene and hexane were separated depending on their column properties, temp. and time using Gas Chromatography (GC). After determining the GC conditions, a sample preparation method using HSS (Head Space Sampling) was developed. From the results, a method for analyzing residual solvents in health functional foods was developed considering matrix effect and interference from the sample obtained from the solution of solvents-free health functional foods spiked with 11 standards solutions. Validation test using the developed GC/HSS/MS (Mass Spectrometry) method was followed by tests for precision, accuracy, recovery, linearity and adequate sensitivity. Finally, examination of 104 samples grouped in suits was performed by the developed HSS/GC/MS for screening the solvents. The 11 solvents were isolated from health functional foods based on vapor pressure difference, and followed by separation within 15 minutes in a single run. The limt of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery and coefficient of variation (C.V.) of these compounds determined by the HSS/GC/MS were found to be 0.1 pg/mL, 0.1-125 pg/g, 51.0-104.6%, and less than 15%, respectively. Using the developed HSS/GC/MS method, residual solvent from 16 out of 104 health functional products were detected as a EtOH. This method therefore seems t o be a valuable extension ofanalytical method for the identification of residual solvents in health functional food.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.103-115
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to compare the reaction of the cardiovascular system, and the anesthetic effect among 3 experimental groups, epidural administration of medetomidine as a single agent, the combination of buprenorphine and medetomidine, and the combination of fentanyl and medetomidine. Twenty one dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and allowed to breathe spontaneously. Epidural, arterial, and venous catheters were inserted. The tip of epidural catheter was positioned at the level of the space between the sixth and seventh lumbar vertebra. After a stable plane of anesthesia was achieved, these dogs were each administered one of the following treatments epidurally : medetomidine $10{\mu}g/kg$ (Group M), a combination of medetomidine $5{\mu}g/kg$ and buprenorphine $10{\mu}g/kg$ (Group M/B), and a combination of medetomidine $5{\mu}g/kg$ and fentanyl $10{\mu}g/kg$ (Group M/F). Heart rate (HR), Respiratory rate (RR), End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), and arterial blood pressure were measured before drug administration (base line) and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 min postinjection. Blood gas analysis was performed before injection and 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 60 min postinjection. Isoflurane was discontinued 80 min postinjection and pain/motor function were evaluated up to 260 min postinjection every 15 min. At the early stage of drug introduction (until 5 min), the HR was decreased significantly in all 3 groups compared with base line. In Group M, HR was significantly decreased compared with the other 2 groups. With time (starting 20 min after drug introduction), the HR was decreased significantly in Group M/B in respect to base line. However, no significant difference was seen number-wise in all 3 groups. During 60 min after drug introduction, the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were highest in Group M and lowest in Group M/F. Among 3 groups, drug action and motor loss duration were longest in Group M/F. Analgesic effect observed in the M/F group was the most prominent and long-lasting, compared to those seen in the other 2 groups. Given the fact that the recovery of motor function takes place in a short period of time after analgesic effects disappeared, additional use of M/F depending on the patient's condition would be a good way to achieve effective pain management. However, proper care should be taken to ensure the function of cardiovascular system in the patient because the administration of M/F under isoflurane anesthesia results in a significant decline in arterial blood pressure ($65{\pm}10mmHg$).

• 약학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.379-389
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• 1992

In order to investigate the effect of nifedipine, $Ca^{+2}$ channel antagoninst, on the action of some drugs participating in blood pressure, this experiment was peformed in rabbits. Nifedipine decreased the pressor actions of norepinephrine, angiotensin and carotid artery clamping, but did not affect the pressor actions of tyramine and depressor actions of acetylcholine and pilocarpine. Nifedipine inhibited the potentiated pressor action of norepinephrine and angiotensin, but did not influence the potentiated pressor action of tyramine in rabbits pretreated with chlorisondamine, ganglionic blocking agent. Nifedipine weakened the potentiated pressor action of norepinephrine, did not affect the pressor action of angiotensin and the potentiated pressor action of tyramine in rabbits pretreated with debrisoquine, sympathetic neuronal blocking agent.

• 멤브레인
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.67-79
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• 2007

SPG (Shirasu porous glass) 관형 막이 설치된 회분식 막유화 장치를 사용하여 이온성 약물이 담지된 단분산 polycaprolactone (PCL) 마이크로캡슐을 제조하기 위한 막유화 공정변수의 최적조건을 결정하였다. 마이크로캡슐에 담지된 이온성 약물로는 양이온성인 lidocaine-hydrochloride, 중성인 sodium salicylate와 음이온성인 4-acetaminophen의 3가지를 사용하였으며, PCL 마이크로캡슐로부터 이들 모델약물의 방출거동을 검토하였다. 캡슐제조에 사용된 PCL의 농도와 분자량, 막간 압력차, 분산상과 연속상에 첨가시킨 유화제의 농도, 연속상의 교반속도가 막유화법으로 제조된 PCL 캡슐의 크기와 크기분포에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 이들 공정변수의 조절을 통해 평균 크기 약 $5\;{\mu}m$의 균일한 마이크로캡슐을 제조할 수 있었다. 약물 방출실험 결과 산성조건에서 알칼리조건으로 방출환경이 변화됨에 따라 약물 방출속도가 증가하였다.

• 폴리머
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.442-448
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 분무건조방법을 이용하여 고혈압 치료제로 사용되고 있는 난용성 약물인 에프로살탄의 고체분산체 제형을 다양한 조성 하에서 제조 및 평가하고, 효과적인 약물의 용해도 향상을 위한 제조 조건을 최적화하였다. 친수성 고분자 기제로 hydroxylpropylcellulose(HPC)와 poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)(PVP)를 사용하였고, 고분자 계면활성제로 poloxamer 407을 첨가하여 약물과 고분자의 다양한 조성비를 갖는 고체분산체를 제조한 후, 물리화학적 특성을 비교 평가하였다. 친수성 고분자의 조성비 증가와 함께 약물 결정성이 감소되었으며, HPC보다는 PVP가 약물과의 우수한 상용성을 바탕으로 결정화도 감소와 용출거동 개선 효과가 상대적으로 우수하였다. 친수성 고분자로 PVP를 사용한 경우 약물의 결정성이 대부분 사라져 고체분산체 내 대부분의 약물 분자들이 무정형으로 분산되어 있으며 약물의 용출률이 에프로살탄 대비 3~7배 이상 향상되었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1985

The effect of graded increments in positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP] on hemodynamics required to ventilate 8 critically ill patients is reported. Acute respiratory insufficiency was a cause of death in only one patient of drug inoxication among the 8 patients studied. The cardiac output was not changed significantly after the increment of PEEP to the level of 20 cm H2O. The heart rate was increased significantly from 15 cm H2O PEEP [P<0.01] as compared to 0 cm H2O PEEP; and the stroke volume was decreased significantly from 15 cm H2O PEEP [P<0.05]. The blood pressure was not affected at any level of PEEP, but the pulmonary artery pressure was elevated significantly at 10 cm H2O PEEP [P<0.01]. The right ventricular transmural filling pressure was not affected at the level of 10 cm H2O PEEP, but from 15 cm H2O PEEP it was increased significantly. With the increment of PEEP, the left ventricular stroke work index was decreased slightly; and at 20 cm H2O PEEP, it was decreased significantly. The right ventricular stroke work index was increased only at 10 cm H2O PEEP. The systemic vascular resistance was decreased significantly from 15 cm H2O PEEP [P<0.01].

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.362-367
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• 2012

Though a micro pump is a crucial element in miniaturized bio-fluidic systems or drug delivery systems, most of the conventional micro pumps still have some limitations to miniaturize their controller system and to obtain the sufficient back pressure which can rise over the inner pressure of human body or experimental animals. In this paper, to overcome these limitation, a new PZT disc and its controller were designed and fabricated to get the sufficient flowrate and the back pressure with guaranteeing embeddability of the controller into pumping body. The amplitudes of the disc deflections were as large as 40 ${\mu}m$ at 200 V - 100 Hz condition. As results of experiments, the flow rate and the back pressure increase when the frequency increases. The obtainable maximum flow rate and back pressure are 5.2 ml/min at 95 Hz and 13.14 kPa at 90 Hz respectively.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.40-44
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• 1994

Microsurgery has advanced beyond its nascent stages reaching success rates of 90% to 95%. However, this means that even in the best circumstances, 5% to 10% of free flaps and replants fail. Almost all failures are due to vessel thrombosis, resulting in ischemia of the transplanted tissue. Many attemps have been undertaken to treat and reverse its effects. Zdeblick and colleagues noted an improvement in the viability of amputated limbs replanted after an extended period of ischemia following intraarterial infusion of urokinase. Subsequent studies have investigated many modalities of urokinase administration in various animal models by differing ischemic periods. These studies, however, have failed to establish a definitive, generally accepted protocol for administration of urokinase in the salvage of tissue subjected to prolonged ischemia. Our clinical observations suggest that a bolus of urokinase delivered under pressure may increase the thromoblytic effect of the drug, probably by means of increased delivery to microvasculature. We intend to investigate the role of selective pressure perfusion of ischemic flaps as a new means for increasing the effectiveness of urokinase in the treatment of the "no-reflow" phenomenon. A total of 32 male New Zealand rabbits were used and divided into the four groups according to the method of infusion. After 12 hours of ischemia the flaps were injected with Hartmann's solution or with urokinase and the percent survival of the flap was determined at 7 days following flap reperfusion. As the result, the flap survival rate was highest in the pressure injection of urokinase group.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.23-42
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to show that, before registration of chronic degenerative diseases and enforcing management system in health centers, the management of hypertension could achieved comprehensively and continuously by knowing the realities of drug-taking and its related factors those who are being cared for in health centers. For one year, a questionnaire about drug-taking realities of hypertensive patient was distributed at 8 health centers in Taegu from March 24. 1997 to April 24. 1997. The questionnaires were then collected and analysed. The results are as follows: Of 691 patients, 77.4% of patient were taking medicine regularly every day. The reasons why patients weren't taking medicine every day was as follows: the blood pressure became normal(34%, the highest of the group), patients forgot(28.2%), it was difficult to buy the medicine(15.4%), there was no effect even though the patient took medicine continuously. The experience of medical treatment outside of health centers was 28.9%. The types and percentages of alternative medicine are herbs (50.5%), health food(24.5%), folk remedy(13.7%). Among them, 44.6% of patients didn't know if the medicine was effective. Medical treatment places excluding health centers was pharmacies(63.5%-the highest rate). In simple analysis, the older one was the more regularly one took the medicine, but there was no statistical relations. Of health activities, patients eating low-salt diet showed that they took the medicine regularly. Nonsmoking patients and those who experienced drug side-effect and those who doubted doctor's prescriptions and instructions showed that they took alternative, excluding modem medicine. Anti-hypertensive drug medication status according to recognition, attitude, experiences of hypertension showed that patients who thought that they should take anti-hypertensive drug during the whole life time took the medicine regularly(82.3%). The reasons for patients turning to alternatives varied. In case of having subjective symptom(34.1%), those who thought they knew the hypertension well(36.6%), they decided to use alternatives. In multiple logistic regression analysis the key statistics were as follows: The older patients, patients who ate low-salt diet, patients who thought that they should take anti-hypertensive drug during the whole life time, all showed that they took medicines regularly. And also patients who experienced drug side-effect, doubted prescriptions and instructions, and patients who had subjective symptoms, patients who thought that he knew the hypertension very well, all showed higher rate of using alternative medicine. In the future, at the health centers, to register and manage hypertension patients effectively, we must educate patients about regular drug-taking, and alternatives without doctor's prescriptions.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.447-464
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• 1996

Hyperemesis gravidarum is one of the most common symptom in the early pregnancy and if it cause severe malnutrition by means of heavy vomiting as a basic sign of disease of pregnant syndrome, appropriate treatments are necessary. In the clinics the methods of treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum include herb-medication usually. But herb-medication therapy is rather difficult because during pregnancy it may cause vomiting by the smell and taste of herbs. So the author investigated the literatures referred to the external treatments of hyperemesis gravidarum excluding herb-medication and the results obtained here were as follows. 1. The external methods of treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum are various and include moxibustion, the method of applying drug at the umbilicus, ear-acupuncture method, pressure massage therapy, naso-spray method, acupoint injection, intervenous injection 2. Among the external methods of treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum , the method of applying drug at the umbilicus is most variable and almost all prescriptions use Zingiber officinalis Rose, characteristically. 3. Ear-pressure massage method to treat the hyperemesis gravidarum uses the car-acupoints of Gan, We, Shin-mun, Gyo-gam. 4. Among the external methods of treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum , moxibustion, pressure massage, and acupoint injection select frequently Nae-gwan(PC6), Chok-samni(ST36) and Chung-wan(CV12). 5. In the both the internal and external methods of treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum one have to differentiate syndromes in the viewpoint of oriental medicine and treat with the principls of treatment and prescriptions which are fit to each differentiation model under the principle of regulating the stomach and relieving vomiting.