• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.165-179
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• 2015

Objectives: This experiment investigated the antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and extracts of Scutellariae radix , Phellodendri cortex , Coptis rhizome , and Gardenia jasminoides against Salmonella typhimurium . Methods: After spreading S. typhimurium on a bacterial culture medium plate, antimicrobial activity was tested by dripping diluted Hwangryunheadok-tang or extracts of Scutellariae radix , Phellodendri cortex , Coptis rhizome , or Gardenia jasminoides (80 μl, diluted 100, 50, 10, and 1%) onto the plate, followed by culture for 16 to 72 hours. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was tested by dripping the minimum dilution that showed antimicrobial activity (80, 60, 40, and 20 μl) and measuring the density. The antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and four extracts showed continuous antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium throughout the experiment. Result: 1. S. typhimurium . (Standard Microorganism, ATCC) 1) The Hwangryunheadok-tang and extracts of Scutellariae radix , Phellodendri cortex , and Coptis rhizome showed antibacterial activity in the undiluted solutions and in 50% dilutions. Gardenia jasminoides extract showed potency only in the undiluted solution. The antimicrobial potency of the undiluted solution was increased when the volume of inoculation was increased, but no difference was noted when the culture time was extended. All the extracts showed antimicrobial potency against S. typhimurium . 2. S. typhimurium isolated from diarrhea patients 1) When compared to the standard microorganism experiment on S. typhimurium , the MICs of the five extracts were increased. However, whereas the antimicrobial potency of doxycycline was lost entirely against bacteria isolated from patients with diarrhea, the antimicrobial potency of all the extracts was diminished but did not disappear. 2) The antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and four extracts was continuous even when the culture time was extended to 16, 24, and 72 hours. Conclusions: The Hwangryunheadok-tang and four kinds of extracts have antimicrobial activity against S. typhimurium . Comparison of a standard microorganism with S. typhimurium isolated from diarrhea patients showed that the antimicrobial activity of all the extracts was better than that of antibiotics. Further studies should focus on the value and benefits of Hwangryunheadok-tang , and the four kinds of extracts as clinical treatments.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.541-550
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• 1996

Tetracycline antibiotics have been widely used not only therapeutics but feed additives. There are many methods for the isolation and determination of tetracycline antibiotics in animal muscle tissue. But those methods take much time and labor, so it is difficult to analyse many samples simultaneously. A rapid isolation method and liquid chromatographic determination of tetracycline antibiotics in animal muscle tissue (bovine, porcine, chicken) is presented. Blank control and tetracyclines fortified samples (0.5g) were blended with $C_{18}$ containing 0.05g each of oxalic acid and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. After homogenize, homogenate was transferred to glass column made from 10ml glass syringe and compressed to 4~4.5ml volume. A column made from the $C_{18}$/meat matrix was washed with hexane (8ml) and dichloromethane (8ml, if needed), following which the tetracyclines were eluted,vith methanol or 0.01M methanolic oxalic acid (8ml). The eluates containing tetracyclines analytes were free from interfering compounds when analysed by HPLC with UV detection (photodiode array at 360nm). Standard curve for each tetracycline showed a linear response at the range of $0.05{\sim}1.0{\mu}g/ml$ and tetracycline antibiotics were eluted within 4ml of eluted volume. All tetracycline antibiotics except tetracycline were stable during the concentration process at $40^{\circ}C$ and time required for concentration was 3~4 hours. Fortified samples containing oxalic aicd and EDTA represented more good recoveries than those of not-contained sample. Recoveries were 91.8~110.1% (oxytetracycline; OTC), 57.7~79.5% (tetracycline; TC), 78.1~88.6% (chlortetracyclines; CTC) and 88.4~100.6% (doxycycline; DC) in pork tissue, 101.1~126.8% (OTC), 66.4~75.4% (TC), 79.2~88.1% (CTC) and 69.3~86.7% (DC) in beef tissue, and 90.8~95.6% (OTC), 66.2~84.4% (TC), 75.7~77.2% (CTC) and 55.6~80.7% (DC) in chicken muscle tissue. The detection limits validated in muscle tissue by this method were $0.05{\mu}g/g$ for OTC and TC, and $0.1{\mu}g/g$ for CTC and DC.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2009

Purpose: There are numerous reports about the usefulness of antibiotics such as doxycycline or metronidazole in the conventional treatment for the patients with chronic periodontal diseases. However, seldom are the reports about effects of vitamins or nutraceuticals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nutrient supplement including multiple vitamins and neutraceuticals with PRF-K2 from plants and seaweed in treatment of the patients with chronic periodontitis which is needed a nonsurgical or a surgical treatment by evaluating the clinical parameters and the gingival crevicular fluid volume. Methods: The systemically healthy and nonsmoking patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis were divided into a nonsurgical group and a surgical group. They were also divided into the test group with nutrient supplements and the control group without nutrient supplements. In the nonsurgical group, the clinical parameters (probing depth, clinical attachment level, sulcus bleeding index, and plaque index) and the gingival crevicular fluid volume were checked on baseline, at 1 week, at 3 week and at 9 week after a supplement treatment. In the surgical group, the clinical parameters and the gingival crevicular fluid volume were also checked at 15 week after a surgical treatment. Results: In both nonsurgical and surgical groups, reduction of pocket depth and increment of clinical attachment level were revealed in the test group compared with the control group, but there was not statistically significant difference (p>0.05), and sulcus bleeding index was decreased with statistically significant difference (p<0.05). In addition, plaque index was decreased with statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the nonsurgical group. Gingival crevicular fluid volume was decreased with statistically significant difference (p<0.05) at week 9 in both non-surgical and surgical groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results demonstrate that providing nutrient supplement in both nonsurgical or surgical periodontal treatments may improve gingival inflammation and gingival crevicular fluid.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.653-663
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• 2010

알(卵)류 및 축 수산물 321건에 대하여 엔로플록사신, 시프로플록사신, 노르플록사신, 아목시실린, 암피실린, 옥소린산 및 옥시테트라싸이클린, 테트라싸이클린, 클로르테트라싸이클린 및 독시싸이클린에 대한 모니터링을 실시한 결과 총 300건(93.5%)은 조사대상 동물용의약품이 불검출되었으며 검출된 21건(6.5%)의 시료 대부분은 현재 식품공전의 잔류허용기준 이하로 안전한 것으로 나타났다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.196-201
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• 2023

Renal fibrosis is the final manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD) regardless of etiology. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α) is an important regulator of chronic hypoxia, and the late-stage renal tubular HIF-2α activation exerts protective effects against renal fibrosis. However, its specific role in progressive renal fibrosis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of the long-term tubular activation of HIF-2α on renal function and fibrosis, using in vivo and in vitro models of renal fibrosis. Progressive renal fibrosis was induced in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) of tetracycline-controlled HIF-2α transgenic (Tg) mice and wild-type (WT) controls through a 6-week adenine diet. Tg mice were maintained on doxycycline (DOX) for the diet period to induce Tg HIF-2α expression. Primary TECs isolated from Tg mice were treated with DOX (5 ㎍/ml), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) (10 ng/ml), and a combination of both for 24, 48, and 72 hr. Blood was collected to analyze creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Pathological changes in the kidney tissues were observed using hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Sirius Red staining. Meanwhile, the expression of fibronectin, E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was observed using western blotting. Our data showed that serum Cr and BUN levels were significantly lower in Tg mice than in WT mice following the adenine diet. Moreover, the protein levels of fibronectin and E-cadherin and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK were markedly reduced in the kidneys of adenine-fed Tg mice. These results were accompanied by attenuated fibrosis in Tg mice following adenine administration. Consistent with these findings, HIF-2α overexpression significantly decreased the expression of fibronectin in TECs, whereas an increase in α-SMA protein levels was observed after TGF-β1 stimulation for 72 hr. Taken together, these results indicate that long-term HIF-2α activation in CKD may inhibit the progression of renal fibrosis and improve renal function, suggesting that long-term renal HIF-2α activation may be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CKD.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.18-24
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• 2016

Since April 2012, doctor fish in the breeding tank and in the quarantine tank in Hanwha Aquaplanet Yeosu Aquarium have been dying, accompanied by diffuse bleeding around the mouth, in the chin, and at the bottom of the abdomen. In this study, the cause of death would be examined through the bacteriological study of doctor fish and the rearing water quality in the aquarium. The water quality and the bacterial counts of the rearing water in the exhibit tank and in the quarantine tank were analyzed once a week, starting from August to November 2014. Water quality was measured based on the following data: temperature was in the range of 24.5~26.8℃, pH at 6.77~7.94, DO at 6.15~8.61 ppm, ammonia at 0~0.93 ppm, nitrite at 0.009~0.075 ppm, and nitrate at 1.1~40.9 ppm. Studies revealed that the differences in these water quality factors were not related to the death of doctor fish. Bacterial counts in the rearing waters of Garra rufa slightly increased to 10³~10⁴ CFU/ml, just before the death of the doctor fish. Twelve strains of bacteria were isolated from the dead fish and rearing waters. The isolates were identified as Aeromonas veronii, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudorhodoferax aquiterrae, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Vibrio anguillarum on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The most dominant species was C. freundii, which showed medium sensitivity to florfenicol and norfloxacin, and was resistant to amoxacillin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. Ten isolates were confirmed to be pathogenic to the doctor fish. Doctor fish infected with C. freundii and S. putrefaciens showed high mortality in the experimental groups. These results indicate that the variation in bacterial numbers in the rearing water was related to the death of doctor fish. C. freundii and S. putrefaciens were directly implicated in causing the death of doctor fish in the aquarium.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.251-261
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• 2023

Photobacterium sp. YW2207 was isolated from rainbow trout raised in a fish farm located in Yeongwol-gun, Gangwon Province, South Korea. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis, it was confirmed that Photobacterium sp. YW2207 showed 100% similarity with Photobacterium piscicola and Photobacterium phosphoreum, and 94.6% similarity with P. damselae subsp. damselae. Biochemical analysis revealed that Photobacterium sp. YW2207 is a Gram-negative, motile bacterium with a cell size of 1.5~3×3~5 ㎛. The bacteria were cultured on nutrient agar, brain heart infusion agar, Muller-Hinton agar, tryptic soy agar, and thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar with NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 2.5%. The API50CHE and API20E tests indicated lower utilization capabilities compared to the P. damselae strains provided in the API database. Furthermore, unlike most Photobacterium species, Photobacterium sp. YW2207 presented negative for catalase test. Results from the flow cytometric measurement indicated that Photobacterium sp. YW2207 exhibited a more diverse distribution of cell sizes and had larger cell sizes compared with P. damselae subsp. damselae. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests showed that Photobacterium sp. YW2207 had low susceptibility to β-Lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics, while having high susceptibility to tetracycline, doxycycline, and quinolone antibiotics. Pathogenicity on rainbow trout revealed that an immersion of 1×10⁵ CFU/ml did not cause mortality or clinical symptoms.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 1974

저자(著者)들은 1967년(年), 1971년(年길) 및 1972년(年)에 각기(各其) 41주(株), 45주(株) 및 88주(株)의 전형적(典型的)인 이질균주(痢疾菌株)를 동정시험(同定試驗)하고 그들의 미생물학적(微生物學的) 및 생화학적(生化學的) 성상(性狀)과 혈청형적(血淸型的) 분류결과(分類結果)를 보고(報告)한 바 있었다. 1973년(年)에 전국(全國) 11개시도(個市道) 위생시험소(衛生試驗所)와 각급(各級) 종합병원(綜合病院)에서 동정의뢰(同定依賴)된 1644건(件)의 균주중(菌株中) 58주(株)의 이질균(痢疾菌)이 최종적(最終的)으로 동정(同定)되었으므로 그들의 성상(性狀)과 시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하여 이에 보고(報告)하는 바이다. 비록 검체(檢體)는 전국각지(全國各地)에서 수집(蒐集)되었으나 최종적(最終的)으로 이질균(痢疾菌)이 동정검출(同定檢出)된 지역(地域)은 서울지방(地方)과 전라북도(全羅北道), 강원도(江原道) 및 제주도(濟州道)이었으며 총균주(總菌株) 58주중(株中)에서 51주(株)가 S. flexneri이었고 나머지 7주(株)는 S. sunnei이었다. S. flexneri 51주중(株中) 26주(株)가 $B_{2a}$이었으며 서울지방(地方) 및 강원도(江原道)에서 분리(分離)되었다. $B_{3a}$가 25주(株) 있었던바 전라북도(全羅北道)와 강원도(江原道)에서 검출(檢出)되었다. 제주도(濟州道)에서는 전년(前年)에 $B_{3a}$ 1주(株)가 분리(分離)된데 이어 금번(今番)에는 S. sonnei 1주(株)가 검출(檢出)되어 과거(過去)에 장내(腸內) 병원성세균(病原性細菌)이 검출(檢出)되지 않던 내력(來歷)이 근년(近年)에 와서 달라졌다고 하겠다. 생화학적성상(生化學的性狀)에 있어서는 arginine decarboxylase양성균(陽性菌)이 S. flexneri $B_{2a}$에서 2주(株) 곤찰(觀察)된 것 외(外)에는 전년도(前年度)와 같이 전형적(典型的)인 양상(樣相)을 나타내었다. 한국(韓國)에서 상용(常用)되는 몇가지 항균제(抗菌劑)에 대(對)한 감수성검사(感受性檢査)를 Ericsson씨법(氏法)에 의(依)하여 실시(實施)한 결과(結果) ampiciltin, cephalosporin 및 nitrofurantoin에 대(對)하여서는 전균주(全菌株)가 감수성균(感受性菌)으로 나타난 반면(反面) neomycin, bacitracin 및 colistin에 대(對)하여서는 내성균(耐性菌)으로 나타났다. chloramphenicol에 대(對)하여서는 S. flexneri $B_{2a}$는 대부분(大部分) 내성균(耐性菌)이었으나 $B_{3a}$는 대부분(大部分) 감수성(感受性)이 있었으며 S. sonnei는 약(約) 반반(半半)이었다. gentamycin에 대(對)하여서도 비교적(比較的) 감수성(感受性)이 있었던 것으로 시험관내시험(試驗管內試驗)에서 관찰(觀察)되었다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 외래 유전자의 지속적인 발현에 의한 형질 전환 개체나 세포의 생리적인 부작용을 최소화하기 위하여 hTPO 유전자의 발현을 조절할 수 있는 tetracycline-inducible retrovirus vector system을 구축하고자 하였다. kTPO 유전자는 사람의 간암세포인 HepG2에서 분리한 RNA를 주형으로 하여 RT-PCR 방법을 이용하여 확보하였으며, 이 유전자를 MLV 유래의 vector에 도입하여 pLNChTPOW를 재조합하였다. 재조합한 vector는 GP2 293 포장세포에 도입하여 바이러스를 생산하였으며 이 바이러스를 이용하여 감염시킨 여러 표적세포에서 hTPO의 발현을 확인하였다. 또한, hTPO의 발현을 유도적으로 조절할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 hTPO를 one vector 형태의 Tet-On vector system에 도입하였으며, 발현의 유도 조건에서 보다 강한 발현을 위하여 WPRE서열을 여러 위치에 도입하였다. 구축한 Tet system의 발현 조절 정도는 각 바이러스를 감염시켜서 구축한 CEF와 PFF 세포에서 RT-PCR과 Western blot, 그리고 ELISA 방법을 이용하여 확인하였다. 그 결과 CEF에서는 WPRE 서열이 hPTO유전자의 3'에 위치한 경우에서, PFF에서는 WPRE가 rtTA의 3'에 위치한 경우의 vector system에서 가장 높은 발현율과 유도율을 나타내었다. 이는 Tet system에서의 hTPO 유전자 발현 조절이 매우 효율적으로 이루어지며, 세포주에 따른 의존적인 조절 양상을 보이는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 hTPO의 대량 생산을 위한 생체 반응기로서의 형질 전환 동물의 개발을 보다 효율적으로 수행하려면 적절한 Tet system이 선별적으로 적용되어야 할 것이다.IJ850으로 제조한 거봉포도주에서 75 mg/L의 함량을 나타내었다. 따라서 국내 거봉포도로부터 분리한 S. cerevesiae IJ850는 포도주 생산에 사용될 수 있는 균주로써 그 가능성을 보여주었다.8%)가 우점 계통군으로 분포하는 계통학적 특징을 나타내어 DNA추출법에 따라 토양 세균군집 구조의 계통학적 특성 이 상이하게 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. S. muenchen (57.3%)과 S. enteritidis (22.7%)가 대부분을 차지하였고, 인수공통병원균 중에서는 L. monocytogenes(43.5%), C. jejuni(37.4%), S. aureus(30.4%)의 순서로 분리되었으나, E. coli O157:H7은 국내 계육에서 전혀 분리되지 않았다. 결과적으로 도계육이 위생적이며 안전하게 시판되기 위해서는 최종적인 도계공정 이후 다양한 유통과정에서 발생될 수 있는교차 및 추가오염의 기회를 줄이기 위한 보다 철저한 위생관리 대책과 보완대책이 필요하다는 사실을 이 성적을 통하여 비로소 확인할 수 있었다.가정교과교육학 문항내용의 포괄성을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 가정과교육과정 문항내용은 제7차 교육과정 문서상에 표면적으로 제시된 내용에 한정되어 있어 구체적인 개선방안으로 교육과정의 철학적 이론적 배경, 다양한 교육과정 원리를 활용하는 문항내용 등과 같이 좀 더 이론적이고 원론적인 내용으로의 확대를 제안하였다. 가정과교수학습법 문항내용은 특정 교수학습모형에 관련된 지식을 묻는 내용으로 주로 출제되었다. 이에 구체적인 개선방안으로 특정 교수학습모형의 이론적 토대가 되고 전체적인 교수설계를 하기 위한 기본 바탕이 될 수 있는 교수학습이론에 관한 내용, 또한 현재가정과교육에 있어서 유용한 교수학습법이라고 입증되고 있는 실천적 추론 가정과 수업에 관한

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 1973

저자(著者)들은 1967년(年)과 1971년(年)에 각기(各其) 41주(株)와 45주(株)의 전형적(典型的)인 이질균주(痢疾菌株)를 수집(蒐集)하여 미생물학적(微生物學的)인 검토(檢討)와 분석(分析)을 시행(施行)하고 그들의 생화학적(生化學的) 성상(性狀)과 혈청형적(血淸型的) 분류(分類) 결과(結果)를 발표(發表)한 바 있었다. 금번(今番)에는 전국적(全國的)인 규모(規模)에서 1972년(年) 1월(月)부터 12년월(年月)까지 기간(其間) 각급(各級) 종합병원(綜合病院), 시도립위생시험소(市道立衛生試驗所) 및 시군보건소(市郡保健所)를 경유(經由)하여 수집(蒐集)된 약(約) 4,000건(件)의 장내병원성(腸內病原性) 세균(細菌)에 관련(關聯)된 검체(檢體)를 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 88주(株)의 이질균(痢疾菌)이 최종적(最終的)으로 동정(同定)되었으므로 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하여 이에 보고(報告)하는 바이다. 비록 검체(檢體)는 전국(全國) 11개시도(個市道)에서 수집(蒐集)되었으나 이질균(痢疾菌)이 검출(檢出)되었던 지역(地域)은 제1표(第1表)에 나타난 바와 같이 서울 및 경기도등(京畿道等) 중부지방(中部地方)과 호남지방(湖南地方)인 전라남북도(全羅南北道) 및 강원도(江原道)이었으며, 예년(例年)에 없었던 현상(現象)으로서는 제주도(濟州島)에서 1주(株)의 S. flexneri가 발견(發見)된 사실(事實)이었다. 기타(其他) 지방(地方)에서 이질균(痢疾菌)이 존재(存在)하지 않는다고 단언(斷言)하기 보다는 이질환자(痢疾患者)의 검출(檢出), 진단(診斷) 및 검체수집과정(檢體蒐集過程)에서의 세밀(細密)한 검토(檢討)가 앞서야 할 문제(問題)로서 장래(將來)에 대(對)한 숙제(宿題)로 남겨 둔다. 이질균(痢疾菌)의 혈청형별(血淸型別) 분석결과(分析結果)는 제1표(第1表)에 나타난 바와 같이 S. flexneri 77주(株)와 S. sonnei 11주(株) 이었던 바 1967년(年)까지 발견(發見)되었던 S. dysenteriae는 1주(株)도 없었고 S. boydii도 검출(檢出)되지 않았다. S. flexneri중(中)에서는 $B_{2a}$가 56주(株)로서 제일(第一) 많았다. 생화학적(生化學的) 성상(性狀)을 요약(要約)하면 정의(定義)에 명시(明示)된대로 MR양성(陽性), $NO_3$환원양성(還元陽性), Hugh-Leifson 시험(試驗)에서 발효성(醱酵性) 양성(陽性) 및 glucose 분해(分解)에서 산산생(酸産生)은 양성(陽性)이었으나 까스산생(産生)은 음성(陰性)이었으며, VP음성(陰性), 요소분해음성(尿索分解陰性), 유화수소산생음성(硫化水素産生陰性), 운동성음성(運動性陰性), phenylalanine음성(陰性) 및 dulcitol, salicin, adonitol, inositol, cellobiose 등(等) 당분해음성성상(糖分解陰性性狀)이 확인(確認)되었다. 그러나 제2표(第2表)에 나타난대로 lactose, sucrose mannitol, sorbitol, arabinose, raffinose, maltose, trehalose, rhamnose 및 xylose 등(等) 당분해성적(糖分解成績)은 균주(菌株)에 따라서 서로 다른 양상(樣相)을 나타내었으며, 특(特)히 arginine과 ornithine test에 있어서는 수주(數株)의 변형성상(變形性狀)이 있었다. 한국(韓國)에서 비교적(比較的) 널리 사용(使用)되고 있는 몇가지 항균제(抗菌劑)에 대(對)한 감수성(感受性)을 Ericsson씨(氏) disc법(法)에 의(依)하여 측정(測定)한 결과(結果)는 제3표(第3表)에 나타난 바와 같다. 즉(卽) nitrofurantoin이나 ampicillin, cefalosporin, gentamycin 및 carbenicillin 등(等)에 대(對)하여서는 대부분(大部分) 균주(菌株)가 감수성(感受性)을 나타냈으나 cloxacillin, tetracycline, erythromycin 및 doxycycline 등(等)에 대(對)하여서는 내성(耐性)을 나타낼 균주(菌株)가 많았다.