• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.599-614
• /
• 2022

One of the methods of stabilizing retaining walls, embankments, and deep excavations is the implementation of plate anchors (like the Geolock wall anchor systems). Back-to-back Mechanically Stabilized Earth (BBMSE) walls are common stabilized earth structures that can be used for bridge ramps. But so far, the analysis of the interactive behavior of two back-to-back anchored walls (BBAW) by double-plates anchors (constructed closely from each other and subjected to the limited-breadth vertical loading) including interference of their failure and sliding surfaces has not been the subject of comprehensive studies. Indeed, in this compound system, the interaction of sliding wedges of these two back-to-back walls considering the shear failure wedge of the foundation, significantly impresses on the foundation bearing capacity, adjacent walls displacements and deformations, and their stability. In this study, the effect of horizontal distance between two walls (W), breadth of loading plate (B), and position of vertical loading was investigated experimentally. In addition, the comparison of using single and equivalent double-plate anchors was evaluated. The loading plate bearing capacity and displacements, and deformations of BBAW were measured and the results are presented. To evaluate the shape, form, and how the critical failure surfaces of the soil behind the walls and beneath the foundation intersect with one another, the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique was applied. The experimental tests results showed that in this composite system (two adjacent-loaded BBAW) the effective distance of walls is about W = 2.5*H (H: height of walls) and the foundation effective breadth is about B = H, concerning foundation bearing capacity, walls horizontal displacements and their deformations. For more amounts of W and B, the foundation and walls can be designed and analyzed individually. Besides, in this compound system, the foundation bearing capacity is an exponential function of the System Geometry Variable (SGV) whereas walls displacements are a quadratic function of it. Finally, as an important achievement, doubling the plates of anchors can facilitate using concrete walls, which have limitations in tolerating curvature.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.31 no.2A
• /
• pp.79-87
• /
• 2011

The parameter study of buckling behavior of steel built-up column under compression force is presented in this study. The shear deformation effects due to the bending moment and shear forces are considered for the H-shaped main members along the entire built-up column and batten member connecting double H-shaped main members. The parametric study is performed according to the length of the built-up column, the distance of the H-shaped main members and the number and type of cover plate for battens, respectively. The applicability of AISC design specification of normal and high tension bolted built-up column is investigated. The buckling loads for built-up columns are compared with those obtained from the analytic solution developed in this study, AISC specification, and finite element method based on the beam and plate element, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.195-209
• /
• 1991

When the porcelain fused to metal restorations were fractured at the metal interface, various techniques and materials for intraoral porcelain repair have been suggested. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of metal surface treatment method and water storage on the shear bond strength of four porcelain repair systems. : Clearfil(Kuraray), All-bond(Bisco), Superbond C & B(Sun Medical), Panavia OP(Kuraray). After the metal surfaces of the specimens were sandblasted by aluminum oxide or roughened by diamond point, they were stored in double deionized water(24 Hr., $37^{\circ}C$) and thermocycling was performed(24 Hr., 1024 cycles), and again half of specimes were stored in water bath(2 Months, $37^{\circ}C$). Mean shear bond strength and mode of failure were recorded. The results of this study were obtained as follows : 1. Differences were observed between the sandblasted and diamond - treated specimens in Clearfil, All-bond, and Superbond. No statistically significant differences were observed in Panavia. 2. The 2-month storage time significantly affected the bond strength of All-bond and Superbond. No statistically significant differences were observed in Clearfil and Panavia. 3. The failures were observed at the interface between opaque resin and the metal in Clearfil and All-bond. 4. The failures were observed at the interface between opaque resin and veneered resin in Panavia. The failures were observed at the interface between opaque resin and veneered resin in Superbond, but 40% of them were fractured at the interface between the metal and opaque resin after 2-month storage time.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.313-325
• /
• 2020

Slope displacement and factor of safety (FOS) of a slope are two aspects that reflect the stability of a slope. However, the traditional limit equilibrium (LE) methods only give the result of the slope FOS and cannot be used to solve for the slope displacement. Therefore, developing a LE method to obtain the results of the slope FOS and slope displacement has significance for engineering applications. Based on a force-displacement coupled mode, this work expands the LE Morgenstern-Price (M-P) method. Except for the mechanical equilibrium conditions of a sliding body adopted in the traditional M-P method, the present method introduces a nonlinear model of the shear stress and shear displacement. Moreover, the energy equation satisfied by a sliding body under a small slope displacement is also applied. Therefore, the double solutions of the slope FOS and horizontal slope displacement are established. Furthermore, the flow chart for the expanded LE M-P method is given. By comparisons and analyses of slope examples, the present method has close results with previous research and numerical simulation methods, thus verifying the feasibility of the present method. Thereafter, from the parametric analysis, the following conclusions are obtained: (1) the shear displacement parameters of the soil affect the horizontal slope displacement but have little effect on the slope FOS; and (2) the curves of the horizontal slope displacement vs. the minimum slope FOS could be fitted by a hyperbolic model, which would be beneficial to obtain the horizontal slope displacement for the slope in the critical state.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.45-63
• /
• 1994

128 freshly extracted human molars were used to study the interaction between dentinal smear layer removal with various agents, and the shear bond strength of a light cured glass ionomer cement to dentin. It was proposed that the removal of smear layers using acidic cleaners followed by incorporation of Fe mordant with dentin could enhanced the infiltration of monomer component in light curing glass ionomer cement and resulted in a high bond strength. For the first treatment process for removal of smear layers on the surfaces of dentin, 50 % citric acid, 10% maleic acid and 10 % phosphoric acid were used, and for the second treatment process, 15% ferric chloride, 6.8% ferric oxalate or 30% potassium oxalate were used. Distilled water was used as a control. After double sequential treatment on dentin, a light curing glass ionomer cement was bonded to dentin. After being immersed in water at 31'C for 24 hours, shear bond strengths were measured Instron testing machine(Model No.4202, USA). Surface changes were also observed using SEM (Hitachi, S-2300, Japan) after treatment process with each agents. The following conclusions were drawn : 1. Dentin surface cleaned with maleic acid and treated with ferric oxalate showed the highest bond strength with light curing glass ionomer cement. 2. Bond strengths of glass ionomer cement to dentin treated with maleic acid or citric acid were the highest, and that treated with phosphoric acid showed the lowest. 3. The effect of ferric oxalate on shear bond strength to dentin was always higher than that of ferric chloride. 4. The smear layers were clearly removed and the orifices of dentinal tubules were opened widely by the citric acid, maleic acid and phosphoric acid. 5. The orifices of dentinal tubules opened after using the first solution were closed with the treatment of ferric chloride. 6. The precipitate like crystals were formed on dentin surfaces and tubules, but a significant decrease in bond strength of glass ionomer cement to dentin surface treated with potassium oxalate.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.493-507
• /
• 2016

Scaled model tests were performed to investigate the stability of a foundation located above limestone cavities. Cavity shape was assumed to be an ellipse having 1/3 for the ratio of minor to major axis lengths. 12 different test models which have various depths, locations, inclinations, sizes and numbers of cavity were experimented and they were classified into 5 different groups. Crack initiation pressure, maximum pressure, deformation behaviors, failure modes and subsidence profiles of test models were obtained, and then the influences of those parameters on the foundation stability were investigated. No cavity model showed a general shear failure, whereas the models including various cavities showed the complicated three different failure modes which were only punching failure, both punching and shear failures, and double shear failure. The stability of foundation was found to be decreased as the cavity was located at shallower depth, the size and number of cavity were increased. Differential settlements appeared when the cavity was located under the biased part of foundation. Furthermore, subsidence profiles were found to depend on the distribution of underground cavities.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.413-426
• /
• 2024

This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of a simply supported viscoelastic plate made of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite under dynamic loading. Carbon nanotubes are distributed in 5 different shapes: U, V, A, O and X, depending on the shape they form through the thickness of the plate. The displacement fields are derived in the Laplace domain using a higher-order shear deformation theory. Equations of motion are obtained through the application of the energy method and Hamilton's principle. The resulting equations of motion are solved using Navier's method. Transforming the Laplace domain displacements into the time domain involves Durbin's modified inverse Laplace transform. To validate the accuracy of the developed algorithm, a free vibration analysis is conducted for simply supported plate made of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite and compared against existing literature. Subsequently, a parametric forced vibration analysis considers the influence of various parameters: volume fractions of carbon nanotubes, their distributions, and ratios of instantaneous value to retardation time in the relaxation function, using a linear standard viscoelastic model. In the forced vibration analysis, the dynamic distributed load applied to functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite viscoelastic plate is obtained in terms of double trigonometric series. The study culminates in an examination of maximum displacement, exploring the effects of different carbon nanotube distributions, volume fractions, and ratios of instantaneous value to retardation times in the relaxation function on the amplitudes of maximum displacements.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.26-32
• /
• 2020

Concrete recycling is becoming mandatory rather selective due to depletion of constructional materials and increase of concrete waste. Studies on recycling concrete are conducted in various point of view for long time. However, standard or guideline of many countries for the application of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC) has restrictions such as low replacement rate of coarse aggregate and no fine aggregate allowed due to inferior material properties of recycled aggregate. This study intends to figure out the feasibility of casting natural aggregate concrete(NAC) and RAC separately in a structural member. In making RAC, replacement rate of coarse aggregate was 50, 100% in RAC and treatment of interface of two concretes is introduced. RAC treatment of recycled aggregate or inclusion of additives was not done as it can increase embodied energy of concrete work. Double-shear test with uniformly distributed loading was adopted to evaluate shear strength at the interface of two concretes. After curing it was hard to distinguish interface of two concretes. Experimental result revealed that specimen with higher replacement rate showed higher shear-to-compressive strength ratio, which is possibly attributed to coarse aggregate size and roughness of sheared section. Further study on the effect of various parameters is required and subsequent research activity is on-going.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.213-220
• /
• 2016

The needs for the utilization of space in the urban ara due to the increasing population and traffic volume. A Double-deck tunnel can be an appropriate solution. Geosynthetics are inevitably installed between ground and tunnel lining, therefore, geosynthetic-soil interface is also comprises. Dynamic shear behavior of geosynthetic-soil interface affects the dynamic behavior of tunnel, and experimental study is required since the behavior is very complicated. In this study, chemical factors such as acid and basic element in the groundwater and temperature are considered in the laboratory test. Multi-purpose Interface Apparatus(M-PIA) is utilized and submerging periods are 60 and 960 days. Consequently, dynamic shear degradation of geosynthetic-soil interface considering chemical and thermal factors are verified.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.20 no.12
• /
• pp.614-621
• /
• 2019

A generalized laminated composite beam element is presented for the flexural and buckling analysis of laminated composite beams with double and single symmetric cross-sections. Based on shear-deformable beam theory, the present beam model accounts for transverse shear and warping deformations, as well as all coupling terms caused by material anisotropy. The plane stress and plane strain assumptions were used along with the cross-sectional stiffness coefficients obtained from the analytical technique for different cross-sections. Two types of one-dimensional beam elements with seven degrees-of-freedom per node, including warping deformation, i.e., three-node and four-node elements, are proposed to predict the flexural behavior of symmetric or anti-symmetric laminated beams. To alleviate the shear-locking problem, a reduced integration scheme was employed in this study. The buckling load of laminated composite beams under axial compression was then calculated using the derived geometric block stiffness. To demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed beam elements, the results based on three-node beam element were compared with those of other researchers and ABAQUS finite elements. The effects of coupling and shear deformation, support conditions, load forms, span-to-height ratio, lamination architecture on the flexural response, and buckling load of composite beams were investigated. The convergence of two different beam elements was also performed.