• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.551-556
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• 2015

Iksan370 is a long-spike wheat developed by the Rural Development Administration yielding excellent features components such as cold resistance, disease resistance, and viviparous germination. The physicochemical and material properties of the raw wheat and milled flour of Iksan370 were analyzed to derive its appropriate uses. The raw wheat of Iksan370 showed high contents of ash and proteins at 1.71% and 13.7%, respectively. Its test weight of 763.0 g/L was similar to those of other varieties and its 1,000 kernel weight was high at 45.38 g. The milled flour of Iksan370 had an ash content of 0.45%, which corresponds with a class 1 flour, and its protein content is 12.18%, corresponding with strong flour. The damaged starch was 5.41%, which was lower than that of other varieties. The average grain size was $70.67{\mu}m$ and the grain distribution was at the level of a typical hard wheat. In the farinogram, the water absorption was 58.63%, which corresponded to the level of medium flour. The development time was 7.00 minutes, which was significantly lower than those of Jokyung and Keumkang. The degree of softening was 67.00 BU, similar to those of Yunbaek and Baekjoong. Among the physico-chemical characteristics, the high protein content and typical hard wheat grain distribution of Iksan370 were similar to those of strong wheat, usually used for bread making. However, in the farinogram, the dough development time was short and the degree of softening was high. As a result, Iksan370 was expected to have poor breadmaking properties and a small volume of the final bread product due to insufficient dough durability. On the other hand, Iksan370 showed the highest maximum gelatinization viscosity at 864.00 BU. Therefore, Iksan370 is expected to show glutinous texture when used for noodles and its flour appears to be appropriate for frying powders as well.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.877-881
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• 2001

A domestic wheat variety (Geurumil flour) was evaluated for the properties of white layer cake, and compared to a commercial soft wheat flour. Geurumil flour contained more protein, ash, and lipid contents than commercial soft wheat flour. Very little difference in cake batter pH was observed between soft wheat flour and Geurumil flour, and the addition of emulsifiers tended to decrease the pH of Geurumil cake batter The specific gravity of the cake batter was lower in Geurumil flour than in soft wheat flour, and decreased effectively by the addition of emulsifiers due to batter aeration. Specific loaf volume was influenced by the addition of emulsifiers and demonstrated the highest values at the level of 1 ~ 2%. Addition of Ester-400 (monoglyceride) showed better cake properties in terms of volume, symmetry and uniformity index than sucrose-fatty acid ester did, and thus appeared to be more effective in improving baking performance. The changes in firmness of cakes during storage at $25^{\circ}C$ were observed, and Ester-400 showed some Positive effects on retarding cake staling.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.695-703
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• 2014

Daebong persimmon puree (DPP) prepared from removing the astringency of persimmon was used as a substitute for water when making the dough of white pan bread using domestic wheat flour, and the resulting, quality characteristics were investigated. The moisture content of DPP was 96.69%, and the dough was made by various levels of substitution of DPP for water (0, 10, 30, 50 and 100%). During fermentation, the expansion power of the dough decreased with increasing DPP levels (p<0.05). The volume, specific volume, baking loss, and the L and ${\Delta}E$ values of the crust and crumb of the breads also decreased with increasing DPP levels. The hardness and chewiness of the bread containing 100% DPP (without water) showed the highest values, but the springiness, cohesiveness and resilience showed the opposite trends. In the difference tests, all attributes except air cell uniformity were significantly different (p<0.05). Bread made with 100% substitution of DPP for water achieved the highest scores for flavor, taste and overall acceptability.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.381-385
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• 2010

Five types of determination methods including the Soxhlet method as well as 3 kinds of extraction solvents, were used for the determination of accurate crude fat contents in wheat flour and 5 kinds of dry noodles. According to the results, crude fat contents were 0.09~1.37% in the wheat flour and 0.07~1.36% in the dry noodle samples. This variation resulted from the types of lipids in the wheat flour and various kinds of dry noodles. Nutrition facts labels showing crude fat contents in the 5 kinds of domestic dry noodle samples indicated levels of 0~1.5%. Lipid composition and content were determined in order to investigate these differences. The results indicated free lipid at 1.02% and bound lipids at 0.21% in the wheat flour, and free lipids at 0.95~1.01% and bound lipid at 0.21~0.25% in the wheat flour. Polar and nonpolar lipid contents were also measured in all samples. Neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents in the free lipid were 58.5%, 33.6%, and 8.6% in the wheat flour, and 49.2~58.2%, 33.3~41.6%, and 8.5~9.3% in the dry noodle samples, respectively. For bound lipids, amounts were 16.7%, 33.5%, and 49.5% in the wheat flour, and 13.2~15.3%, 35.6~45.7%, and 41.6~49.4% in the dry noodle samples, respectively. Based on these results, an acid hydrolysis methods should be used to determine accurate crude fat contents in wheat flour and dry noodles.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.299-299
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• 2022

Whole wheat is rich in dietary fiber and contains various biological activity substances such as arabinoxylan, phytic acid and phenolic compounds. However, excessive fiber contents of whole wheat has a negative effect on dough formation, making it difficult to process. In this study, we tried to improve the usability of whole wheat by suggesting an appropriate degree of purification of whole wheat from 'Saekeumkang', a domestic wheat cultivar containing protein and gluten suitable for noodle production. The contents of arabinoxylan, phytic acid, and vitamin E were measured in the polishing rate range of 5-20% of whole wheat flour. As the milling ratio increased, the flour properties improved. The arabinoxylan and phytic acid content of whole wheat were 67.95 mg/g and 0.87 mg/g, but when milled at 20%, arabinoxylan and phytic acid were 60% and 80% of whole wheat, respectively. And as the milling ratio increased, the vitamin E content tended to decrease (whole wheat: 4.063 mg/100 g, 20% milled: 2.96 mg/100 g), However, the vitamin E composition ratio did not change. On the other hand, α-tocopherol showed the greatest than other vitamin E isomers. Therefore, further studies needed to optimize milling rate to improve the final product while maintaining the approximate nutritional and functional value of the whole wheat.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 2002

Eight Korean wheat cultivars were milled and evaluated for the properties of white layer cake-making, compared to a commercial soft wheat flour. Milling yields of the Korean wheat cultivars ranged from 62.5 to 71.8%. The protein and ash contents of flours milled from Korean wheat cultivars ranged from 7.70 to 10.58% and 0.51 to 0.71%, respectively. Woorimil, Alchanmil and Olgeurumil flours, having low protein content, showed very weak mixing characteristics. Even though Eunpamil and Geurumil flours showed longer mixing time and higher peak height, they had week dough stability. Slight differences in pH and specific gravity of cake batter were observed among the Korean wheat flours. Cake volume measured by rapeseed displacement was in the range of $837.5{\sim}952.5\;cc$. Alchanmil flour demonstrated the highest specific volume of 2.40, and the other domestic flours symmetrical and uniform than those with the commercial soft wheat flour. Volume of white layer cakes was negatively affected by flour protein content and somewhat associated with crumb softness. Crumb color of cakes prepared with domestic wheat flours was slightly darker and more yellowish. Hardness of fresh cakes prepared with domestic flours ranged from 307.33 to 416.60 $g_f$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1129-1136
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• 2001

This study was to investigate the suitability of six domestic wheat cultivars for the Korean-style steamed bread made under optimal conditions. Six wheat flours milled from cultivars of Greu, Kumgang, Eunpa, Taptong Kobun, and Allgreu contained 13.8, 13.7, 13.7, 13.0, 11.7, 11.0% of protein. Control bread was made from blend (protein 10.5%) of 50% high strength and 50% low strength wheat flours milled from imported wheats. The volume of steamed bread made from Kumgang was highest followed by Eunpa, Tapdong, Kobun, Greu, control bread, Allgreu. Especially, the bread qualities of Kumgand and Kobun were superior to the control bread, showing better surface characteristics such as smoothness, glossiness, and whiteness, better shapes and desirable texture. Domestic wheat flours, having medium strength with high protein content above 13.0% were suitable for steamed bread except for Greu. Volumes of steamed bread made from domestic wheat flours were correlated with protein and ash content, flour color (L value), farinograph dough development time and stability, whereas spread ratio, total bread score and overall acceptability were correlated with farinograph dough stability It is concluded that flour quality is more important factor than protein content when domestic wheat flours are chosen for Korean-style steamed bread

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.754-760
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• 2004

Physicochemical properties and suitability of domestic wheat varieties for production of sugar-snap cookie were examined. Four kinds of commercially available wheat flour and six kinds of other domestic wheat varieties were tested. Domestic wheat varieties had protein contents ranging 7.7 to 11.5%, alkaline water retention capacity (AWRC) of 54.6 to 65.2%, Pelshenke values of 17 to 31 min, and sedimentation values of 19.6 to 30.8 mL. Peak viscosity range of Korean wheat flours measured by Rapid Visco Analyser was from 134.4 to 346.3 unit. Diameter of cookies fer US soft wheat flour was 7.8 cm and domestic wheat flours ranged from 7.2 to 7.9 cm. Cookie spread factors for Alchanmil, Tapdongmil, and Woorimil flours were higher than those of other flours. Protein content had significantly high correlation coefficient of $r=0.892^{**}$ with sedimentation value, and showed negative correlation with cookie diameter, spread factor, and top grain score. AWRC values had significantly high correlation coefficient of $r=-0.736^{**}$ with cookie diameter. Spread factor of cookie showed positive correlation with top grain score.

• Proceedings of the Korea Hospitality Industry Research Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.134-146
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• 2005

This study was intended to make Korean type of sourdough bread using domestic wheat produced in Korea, while measuring and analyzing gluten content, pH level, TTA level and mixograph of wheat to extract the most excellent sourdough starter. Furthermore, this study also used CrumbScan to compare and analyze the properties of product as shown in making sourdough bread with the above starter. pH level ranged from 4.0 to 4.5 throughout all kinds of Korean wheat flour, which were considered to be appropriately available as sourdough starter. As the result of analysis from mixogram, SP fit for making bread but korean wheat flour showed less level of mixing tolerance and content of protein, which were considered inappropriate for making bread. As the result of imaging analysis by CrumbScan, SF, KWF 5and KWF 6 showed the higher fineness and elongation than any other kind of korean wheat flour, which were considered appropriate for making bread.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.10
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• pp.57-60
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• 1971

In this experiment 5 Korean varieties and 3 U.S.A. varieties of wheat were investigated for their moisture content, ash content, crude protein content and extraction rate. The results are summarized as follows; 1. In the case of U.S.A. wheat, the ash content is directly proportional to the content of protein but the extraction rate is negatively correlated to the content of ash. 2. In the case of korean wheat, there is no proportional tendency as in the U.S.A. wheat. It might be cause by the low extraction rate where the endosperm is hardly separated from the bran layer at the same conditions of temering process. 3. The concentration of protein particles in the endospern, is centrifugal in the U.S.A. wheats, but in the Korean varieties the direction is oppositional to the U.S.A. varieties. 4. Yooksung ＃3, Cahngkwang, Youngkwang and Hard winter wheat are adapted to the production of all purpose flour or noodle flour; Noring ＃4, Jinkwang and Softwhite wheat are suitable for the process of cake flour; and Dark northern spring is just adaped to the production of bread flour.