• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.29-39
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• 2023

Purpose - Disputes arising from documentary letter of credit transactions are not decreasing. According to a statistical data from the ICC, 60-70% of letters of credit in use around the world, so, Incoterms rule specifically defines the bill of lading review procedure. Research design, data, and methodology - The refusal due to large or small inconsistencies in terms and conditions when first presenting documents with bill of lading. First of all, confusion was caused by the ambiguous regulation as the bill of lading is a document that serves as evidence of the transportation contract. Result - Bill of lading indicates the rights to the cargo as well as a bill of lading, which is evidence of a transportation contract concluded between carriers, is a document that allows a carrier to receive or ship cargo and ship it by sea. It is a security that promises to be delivered through transportation to the rightful holder of the bill of lading. Conclusion - Because of its importance, the Uniform customs practices for Letters of Credit stipulate acceptance requirements for transport documents, including bills of lading. In addition, the International Standard Banking Practices (ISBP) established by the International Chamber of Commerce also provide supplementary provisions.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.967-983
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to review Hanliu phenomenon, a kind of social and cultural phenomenon, in China and to analyze its effects on the fashion style of new young generation of China. In this study, Hanliu phenomenon means the enthusiasm of Asian people for Korean mass culture including Korean dramas, pop songs, and fashions from late 1990s. This research adopts two kinds of methods for analyzing the phenomenon: qualitative and quantitative research methods. As a qualitative research method, we analyzed it with several sources of documentaries and audio-visual materials: articles from newspapers and magazines, special TV reports, and documentary movie files from Internet. As a quantitative research method, we surveyed approximately 100 female students of Beijing university and asked how they feel Korean culture and fashions. The Hanliu phenomenon led to the popularity of Korean products as well as general culture of Korea. Also, it influenced Chinese young generation so much that Korean fashion has become prevailing. Such influence on the street fashion of Chinese youths can be summarized in three factors as follows: First, Korean entertainers' fashion is widely imitated. For example, H.O.T-like hairstyles, hip-hop styles, large heel shoes with boots-cut pants, and long-curled permanent hairstyles have been on among Chinese youths. Second, the preference for Korean fashion products has highly increased. The number of stores dealing with Korean fashion products has increased. Even the 'Kim Hee Seen,' a fashion brand named after a famous Korean actress, was introduced. Finally, Korean culture and products have widely been imitated in China as much as the increasing popularity of Korean fashion products. This study reveals that Hanliu phenomenon is widespread in China, and Chinese youths are largely affected by the fashion styles of Korean entertainers. Also, Korean fashion products are largely imitated and benchmarked in China. Hanliu phenomenon is a big chance to approach the fashion market of China, the largest buying power in the world. To make inroads into the Chinese fashion market, we suggest that we need to have our own brand and to make the most of culture, stars, and Internet in marketing. Also, we need a well-planned strategy for a success in the Chinese fashion market.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2472-2478
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• 2012

This research is aiming to develop Semiconductor equipment maintenance certification course to train qualified maintenance experts more effectively requested in related semiconductor industry. In the course of research, we adopted diverse research technique such as interview, on-spot investigation, documentary references to analyze current status of related training facilities, and forecast the population of test applicants. We analyzed similar certification course(Craftsman SMT, Industrial Engineer SMT, Craftsman Mechatronics, Industrial Enginee Mechatronics, et) as reference to set up job objectives and curriculum of semiconductor equipment maintenance certification. We conducted survey on expectations on newly created certificate, presented evaluation standard and objective of test, and preliminary writing test and demonstration test. Based on the result of various research, we were able to present training program for semiconductor equipment maintenance certification and set the assessment standard of qualification exam.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.70-86
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• 2003

Despite its usability, TCE has been managed as a hazardous material due to the toxicity and many contamination cases were surveyed in some developed countries. U.S.EPA(Kram et al., 2001) suggested DNAPL characterization methods and approaches based on survey experiences at several sites. However, Korea has not the least assessment of contamination and trial of remediation, although there are a lot of doubtable areas where ground water would be contaminated with TCE. In this study, we try to assess the volume and extent of ground water contamination with TCE and delineate the contamination source zones in an industrial area. Ground water in this area flows through fractures and the contaminant TCE has the properties of high volatility, high density and low partitioning to soil material. Thus, we applied a variety of technical approaches to identify the contamination status; documentary, hydrogeochemical, hydrogeological and geological surveys. In addition, additional survey was performed based on the interim findings, which showed that ground water contamination was limited to the relatively small area with high concentrations to the deep place. The contamination source zone is estimated to be the asphalt test institute where a great deal of TCE has been used to analyze the amount of asphalt soluble in TCE since 1984. Based on the contamination characterization and a myriad of documents about ground water remediation, appropriate site remediation management options will be recommended later. This study is now under way and this paper was focused on describing the technical approaches used to achieve the goals of this study.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.99-106
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• 2017

This research investigated the improvement plan for Korean Volunteer Fire Department through comparative consideration of overall operation system of Japanese and U.S. Volunteer Fire Department. For this, the researcher utilized descriptive approach according to documentary survey method including relevant academic essay, advanced research report, national institution publication, fire fighting-related books, textbook for new comers of Japanese fire department, and overseas training report, etc., and suggested an improvement plan for efficient operation of Korean Volunteer Fire Department. Research results are, first, enhance the community spirit of local community and establish of the status of Volunteer Fire Department. second, enlarge the scope of the work of Volunteer Fire Department to rescue, emergency medical services. third, organize task force team which is in charge of professional field education and training for Volunteer Fire Department. fourth, improve individual reward system and establishment of Volunteer Fire Department's identity and reinforce financial support. The researcher expects the research results can be utilized as the basic materials for the development of Korean Volunteer Fire Department, henceforth.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2010

United Nations Environment Program adopted a global binding agreement to regulate the production and distribution for the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in May 22, 2001. The agreement took its effectuation with the ratification of 59 countries from the approval of 151 countries in May 17, 2004. After the approval on the binding agreement in October 4, 2001, South Korea performed systematic investigation for the ready of ratification on the convention with country-specific exemption for some chemical substances. Case study with documentary examination and fact-finding survey found some potential problem for 5 chemical substances such as chlordane, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorobenzenes (HCB), heptachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). However, subsequent investigation with more detailed degree showed the possibility for the ratification with no country-specific exemption.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.213-232
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• 2017

A Bank Payment Obligation is now in operation as payment instruments in the business of Supply Chain Finance since 2013. The BPO is an irrevocable undertaking of the Obligor Bank subject to the successful electronic matching of all required Data Sets with the established Baseline in the TMA. Although the BPO should be regarded as similar to a Letter of Credit, it is a new payment solution based on a technology and data-driven mechanisms. The BPO is different from the letter of credit in their structure such as a bank to bank obligation, an automated matching engine, a transfer and confirmation of the Credit, etc. The BPO can also be used more effectively on a stand-alone solution as an electronic alternative to the traditional instruments. it will provide a new range of solutions to meet the ever-changing needs of the trade customers. However, the BPO could be raised several issues including an assurance of payment between recipient banks and sellers because the BPO is a bank-to-bank obligation. The URBPO do not applies to the relationships between banks and their business clients. So, the primary objective of this paper is to promote the institutional understanding and present the implications by reviewing the majn issues in the BPO as comparision with the Letter of Credit from the institutional point of view. This research was also based on documentary research focusing on the preceding research and the materials of ICC and SWIFT.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.1-25
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• 2018

Bank payment obligations (BPO) have been used since 2013 as a payment solution in the business of supply chain finance. The BPO is an irrevocable undertaking of the obligor bank subject to the successful electronic matching of all required data sets with the established baseline in the TMA. Although the BPO should be regarded as similar to a letter of credit, it is a new payment solution based on advanced technology and data-driven mechanisms. The BPO differs from the credit in institutional terms such as bank-to-bank obligations, automated matching engines, and transfer and confirmation, etc. The BPO can also be used effectively as a stand-alone electronic solution to traditional instruments. it provides a new range of solutions to meet the ever-changing needs of trade customers. However, Operation of the BPO can leads to several issues including an assurance of payment between recipient banks and sellers because the BPO is a bank-to-bank obligation. The URBPO does not apply to relationships between banks and their business clients. So, the primary objective of this paper is to promote institutional understanding and present implications by reviewing major issues concerning the BPO as compared with the letter of credit from the institutional point of view. This research was based on documentary research focusing on the preceding research and the materials of ICC and SWIFT.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.42-51
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to develop clothing design for mild dementia patients who display positive action in clothing for the improvement of the quality of life of the dementia patients following the symptoms of patients in accordance with the clinical classification to provide the functional assistance for ordinary living as well as emotional stability and aesthetic functions for the dementia elderly. The method of research is performed for theories through the advanced research and documentary data, and interpreted in functional and aesthetic level on the basis of the result of advance survey related to the characteristics of the mild dementia patients and clothing conduct of elderly with light dementia to select the material, color, decoration and functional design with four pairs for women and two pairs for men. Designs for the total of six have been actually produced by making the map, including the material swatch, color and others. The questionnaire as the measuring tool is used and the assessment category is made for the adaptability of design on each category. On the six clothes that are produced for the mild dementia patients, the statistics package SPSS Ver 12.0 is used for the data analysis on questions 8-10 for the frequency analysis. In overall, the leisure clothing for mild dementia patients developed from this research are generally satisfied, and overall type, material, color, detail and arrangement are generally evaluated highly, and have the assessment of normal or better in the color size and type.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.67-100
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• 2006

The entrepreneurship education for promoting the entrepreneurship is(has been) rapidly proceeded in recent year. In spite of increasing importance of entrepreneurs for successful new venture creation, structured educational programs for entrepreneur development are very limited in Korea. This paper is to develop the new entrepreneurship education in universities and graduate schools. For this entrepreneurship education program development, the survey is designed to Babson College which is voted "The Entrepreneurship Education's Best College" by US News & World report thirteen years in a row. Program development model of entrepreneurship education indicates an entrepreneurship education model, a subject model and a curriculum model through the analysis of a syllabus, the interviews with students, a fieldwork. Based on these literature review was organized research papers, documentary records, small and medium business administration research data. And program designing and implementing stage was composed of analyzing each subject of plan and education training, interviewing with Babson College's students. And observing the field. In addition, the tool of analyzing was collected a course in entrepreneurship education, related matters, a learned society, a research institute at Babson College and some books on pedagogics.