• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.61-75
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• 2003

The goals of this study were threefold. First, the researcher sought to describe the perceptions of wives and husbands concerning the degree of fairness in the division of household labor. Second, the determinants of wives and husbands' perception of the fairness in the division of household labor were analyzed. Third, the factors that affect wives' perception of the fairness in the division of household labor were compared with the factors that affect husbands' perception of the fairness. The data of this study were collected from a survey of 139 married couples with children of high school age or younger, residing in Seoul, Inchon, and Kyunggido. A structured questionnaire was used in the survey. Frequencies, percentiles, mean, Peason's correlations, Cronbach's alpha, t-tests, and multiple regressions were used to analyze the data. The results show that both the wives and the husbands perceived the division of household labor as unfair for the wives. Further, husbands' gender-role attitudes and household labor preference affected wives and husbands' perception. Most comparison reference variables affected significantly the wives and husbands' perception. Lastly, there was a gender difference in the significance of comparison reference variables and demographic variables. The wives mainly employed within-marriage comparisons but the husbands mostly used outside-marriage comparisons. The demographic variables affected the wives' perception, but not the husband's.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate (1) the relationship between gender-role attitude and psychological well-being related to the division of household labor and (2) the effect of congruency between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor on psychological well-being for the elderly. In this study, independent variable is gender-role attitude, mediating variable is the division of household labor and dependent variable is psychological well-being. Psychological well-being consists of depression and happiness. The hypotheses of this study are as follows: 1) Gender-role attitude affects psychological well-being of the elderly. The more egalitarian gender-role attitude, the higher degree of psychological well-being, whereas the more traditional gender-role attitude, the lower degree of psychological well-being. 2) The division of household labor influences psychological well-being of the elderly. The higher degree of division of household labor is likely to show the higher degree of psychological well-being. 3) The congruency between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor affects psychological well-being. As the relationship between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor is more congruent. psychological well-being increases. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1) There is no relation between gender-role attitude and psychological well-being for the elderly. 2) The division of household labor affects psychological well-being for husband. The higher degree of division of household labor, the higher degree of psychological well-being. The result shows that husbands are involved in household labor involuntarily. 3) Congruency between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor affects psychological well-being. As the relationship between gender-role attitude and the division of household labor is more congruent, the degree of depression decreases. 4) Wives participate in most of household labor. Gender segregation in household labor is found in elderly family. 5) Health, income, network of children or sibling, and community network affect psychological well-being. The healthier, higher income and stronger network are likely to show the higher degree of psychological well-being.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.117-136
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• 2011

This study examined the effects of the division of household labor on the marital satisfaction of husbands and wives in dual-earner families. Data were collected from 193 couples in dual-earner families; the questionnaire measurements were based on recommendations from the literature review. The questionnaire consisted of inquiries concerning gender role attitudes, marital communication efficiency, division of household labor, satisfaction in the division of household labor, and marital satisfaction. Each of these categories had an individual measurement scale that enabled measurement of its impact on marital satisfaction. The major findings of this study are as follows: The couples in dual-earner families showed egalitarian gender role attitudes and high levels of marital communication efficiency. They also reported high levels of satisfaction with their division of household labor and their marital lives. Wives in dual-earner families had more egalitarian gender role attitudes compared with their husbands, and husbands perceived themselves to be investing more time in performing household chores (that is, in the division of household labor) than was perceived by their wives. Husbands were also more satisfied with the division of household labor and marital life compared to their wives. Finally, hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that satisfaction in the division of household labor and in marital communication efficiency (as perceived by the couples) significantly predicted husbands' marital satisfaction. On the other hand, wives' age, marital communication efficiency, and the differences in the division of household labor (as perceived by the couples) significantly predicted wives' marital satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.345-358
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• 1997

This study investigated the pattern of division of household labor between married couples and the determining variables of the division of household work. In addition, this study examined the effect of the pattern of the division of household work and the sense of fairness on marital satisfaction. Two hundreds forty two married couples living near seoul were selected. Both wives and husbands reported their daily time-use pattern. According to the results, flexibility of husbands' work schedules hours of market work of husbands, husbands' sex role attitudes, and the presence of household assistant affected significantly on the extent of household work time. In addition, husbands' household work time had direct effects on marital satisfaction of couples. In wives' hours of household labor, the significant variables were wives' employment status, presence of younger children, total income, wives' sex role attitudes, and hours of household labor performed by housework assistant. In addition, wives' sense of fairness had impact significantly on marital satisfaction.

• Women's Studies Review
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.139-173
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• 2012

This paper examines the delayed situations for gender equality in South Korean, Japanese, and Taiwanese families despite the challenge to the gender division of labor in modern society, and to analyze the contradiction between the notions of gender equality and the experiences women face in East Asia countries. Using EASS data, we analyze the effective difference over the division of household labor according to women's age and length of school time, attitude for gender division of labor, couple's labor time, and family network. In South Korea and Taiwan, men's actual ratio of household division is higher than Japanese men's. On the other hand, Japanese women's ratio of household division is the highest in spite of their progressive attitude for gender equality. It is due to the difference of women's working time among the countries. In South Korea and Taiwan, women tend to work in full time job, so that they seem to inevitably reduce the time for household labor. The family characteristics have an effect on the women's ratio of household division in Taiwan, and the feature of women's employment does in South Korea. The high percentage of three-generation household contributes to the reduction of housework burden in Taiwan. In South Korea, the higher women's education levels, the higher the women's ratio of household division. Women's weakened bargaining power for household labor is due to the relatively low level of high-educated women's economic participation in South Korea. This paper reveals the effective factors on the gender division of household labor. We propose the necessity of the macro-level analysis as well as the analysis of the personal and conjugal feature.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.23-36
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze the actual condition of labor during the marriage by estimating the total labor-time of husband and wife and to prove the contribution of labor-time to household. The statistical life-time research data of Bureau of Statistics were used to prove the overwork of wives compared with husbands during the marriage. The result of the study can help to prove the wife's contribution of labor-time to household.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.71-86
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify the influencing factors of married men's household labor time by generation to understand the changes in male participation in household labor. To this end, married men were classified into Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y, and the factors of participation in household labor for each generation were analyzed by applying the hypothesis of participation in household labor. As for the data, the original data of the National Statistical Office's "2019 Time Use Survey" were used. Multinomial logistic analysis was conducted to analyze the factors affecting married men's household labor time. As a result of the analysis, household labor time for Baby Boomers can be explained by the hypothesis of economic efficiency, gender role attitude, and the demand/response capability, while household labor time for Generation X can be explained by economic efficiency hypothesis, gender role attitude hypothesis, time-availability hypothesis, and demand/response capability hypothesis. It was found that the household labor time for Generation Y can be explained by the time-availability hypothesis and demand/response capability hypothesis. The fact that each generation has different factors of participation in household labor suggests that the characteristics of each generation should be considered in establishing policies to support the work and family balance for men.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.251-261
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• 2020

This study aims to suggest a new perspective that can account for variations in fertility rates across OECD countries. Most previous literature has highlighted the influence of government policies on fertility rates. This study focuses the role of job strain, unequal division of household labor, and life satisfaction on fertility rates. These factors are related to work-life balance, and play a crucial role in understanding variations in fertility rates across OECD countries. Using fuzzy set qualitative comparative research analysis (fsQCA), this study tests whether fertility rates can be explained by differences in the levels of job strain, gender equality at home, and life satisfaction across countries. The results are as follows: First, high fertility-countries show low levels of job strain, equal division of household labor, high levels of life satisfaction, and high levels of GDP. Second, a high level of GDP is not crucial for achieving high fertility rates. This study suggests that changes in working conditions and organizational culture are required to increase the fertility rate in Korea, since this can influence work-life balance, life satisfaction and equal division of household labor.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.55-74
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• 2013

This research developed standardized satellite accounts for household production to measure the entire production in Korea using representative Korean data. This study utilized standardized methods for measuring the expenditure and consumption of expendable supplies as an element of intermediate goods in household production. The results of this research can be summarized as follows. First, the total value of household production in Korea in 2009 turned was 268 trillion won, which would be 10.16% of the GDP, based on using the method of replacement by specialty for estimating the value of housework, while it was 356 trillion won, which would be 13.5% of the GDP (2,636 trillion won), based on the method of opportunity cost. Second, the economic value of labor invested in household production was 220 trillion won when using the data from 12 main corresponding wages in the market, while it was 203 trillion won when using the method of total replacement, which used the wages of housekeepers, and 290 trillion won when using the method of opportunity cost in measuring the value of housework labor. Third, in estimating the proportion by section in terms of the total value of household production, the portion of labor in household production was measured from 76% to 82%, depending on the methods used, which is the most significant section. These results indicate that housework has the characteristics of labor-centered work. On the other hand, the value of expenditure on and consumption of expendable supplies, as one element of intermediate goods, is 63 trillion won, which is 17.7% (using the method of opportunity cost in measuring the labor of housework) of household production. Also, the value of capital goods, as the other element of intermediate goods is 2.3 trillion won, which is 0.9% (using the method of opportunity cost) of household production. In conclusion, as an element of household production, housework labor was higher in household production than expenditures on expendables, especially for cooking, cleaning, and caring for children. In the future, people should be cautious about estimating that the amount of household work could be reduced, as women's labor in the market and the household work produced by the market will increase.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.119-138
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• 1989

This study attempts to apply its result to decision whether housewives are in the labor market or not by investigating the level of reservation wage of them and the influencing factors on it. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects by identifying , on the basis of theoretical models, the factors that influence reservation wage, and to predict future state of female employment. 1) The level of reservation wage of housewives showed significant differences by husband's income, household asset, housewife's education level, housewife's age, number of children division of husband in household labor, and by three marketization of housework. 2) The variables which affected reservation wage of housewife independently had influence on it in the following order: Husband's income, education level, age affect positively reservation wage of housewife, and a negative relation has been found between division of husband, level of commodity substitution and reservation wage of housewife. 3) Husband's income, housewife's education level, housewife's age, division of husband in household labor, level of commodity substitution give direct effects on reservation wage of housewife. Education level, age, number of children and family type influenced reservation wage of housewife through level of commodity substitution indirectly.