• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2003

When making crown and bridges on anterior regions, many practitioners consider the esthetics the most. For this reason functional aspect are not considered as much as the esthetics. If the occlusion on the anterior region are not formed correctly, movement of the temporomandibular joint can be disturbed and excessive stress can be occur that pathologic condition can be under lied. On this case presentation will show the importance of the anterior guidance and suggest the appropriate protocol of using customized anterior guide table. A 45years old male had to remake both of the upper central and lateral PFM because of the porcelain fracture. The new PFM crowns were made conventional methods without considering the anterior guidance. After the temporary setting, the patient complained of discomfort and short looking upper anteriors. To solve these problems we had to restore the palatal contour and length of the new crowns by making customized anterior guide table using temporary crowns that contains patient's old anterior guidance. This procedure which is copying the pt's comfortable anterior guidance to the final prosthesis made them to be esthetic and patients to feel comfortable.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2010

The primary function of the skin is to protect the body from the unwanted environmental influences. The outermost layer of the skin is stratum corneum which consists of corneocytes surrounded by lipid regions. Ceramides covalently bound to keratinocytes are essential for the barrier function of the skin, which can be disturbed in the disease, like xerosis. Xerosis is an abnormal dryness of the skin which reduced the thickness of stratum corneum and ceramide content decreasing with age. In this study, 36 seaweed extracts have been tested for screening of xerosis inhibitory agent by in vitro HaCaT keratinocyte assay. Ishige sinicola and Helminthocladia australis induced the significant amount of ceramide-like substance I in HaCaT keratinocyte among the tested seaweed extracts. Sargassum fulvellum, Chondrus ecellatus and Gigartina tenella also induced the ceramide-like substance I whereas Helminthocladia australis and Pachymeniopsis elliptica induced the ceramide-like II from HaCaT keratinocyte.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.267-291
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• 2005

To date, many studies have been conducted for the analysis and design of reinforced concrete members with disturbed regions. However, prestressed concrete deep beams have not been the subject of many investigations. This paper presents an evaluation of the behavior and strength of three pre-tensioned concrete deep beams failed by shear and bond slip of prestressing strands using a nonlinear strut-tie model approach. In this approach, effective prestressing forces represented by equivalent external loads are gradually introduced along strand's transfer length in the nearest strut-tie model joints, the friction at the interface of main diagonal shear cracks is modeled by the aggregate interlock struts along the direction of the cracks in strut-tie model, and an algorithm considering the effect of bond slip of prestressing strands in the strut-tie model analysis and design of pre-tensioned concrete members is implemented. Through the strut-tie model analysis of pre-tensioned concrete deep beams, the nonlinear strut-tie model approach proved to present effective solutions for predicting the essential aspects of the behavior and strength of pre-tensioned concrete deep beams. The nonlinear strut-tie model approach is capable of predicting the strength and failure modes of pre-tensioned concrete deep beams including the anchorage failure of prestressing strands and, accordingly, can be employed in the practical and precise design of pre-tensioned concrete deep beams.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.163-173
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• 2015

The occurrence of wild boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) and reports of wildlife-vehicle conflicts (i.e., road-kill) involving them have increased in natural forest regions of Korea. In the past few decades, many wildlife passages have been constructed to reduce vehicle collisions involving wildlife species. However, few studies have assessed the habitat suitability of target wildlife species when locating the construction sites of wildlife passages. Target species rarely use wildlife passages if built in an inappropriate location. Therefore, a quantitative habitat model is required to find suitable sites for wildlife passages that can connect the fragmented forest patches of wildlife habitats in Korea. In this study, the wild boar was selected as the target species, and six environmental variables (percentage of Quercus forest, slope aspect, distance to roads, water accessibility, forest stand age and density) were measured. The habitat model for wild boars was developed with a Delphi survey, and habitat suitability maps were delineated for the provinces of Gangwon-do and Jeollanam-do. In this study, 298 and 64 boars were observed in Gangwon-do and Jeollanam-do, respectively. Observations of wild boars derived from the second nationwide natural environmental survey were used to evaluate the habitat model. Habitat suitability maps that superimposed existing road networks suggested that wild boar habitats were severely fragmented in both provinces, particularly in Gangwon-do. To connect the fragmented habitats and prevent wildlife-vehicle collisions, this study proposes 11 and 5 wildlife passage sites in Gangwon-do and Jeollanam-do, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2003

Strain-softening model is developed to characterize the interface behavior of geomembrane with geotextile and geosynthetic clay liner(GCL). The model proposed in this research is calibrated by using data from direct shear tests conducted on smooth and textured geomembrane. The research is divided into two regions, pre-peak and post-peak, to take into account of strain-softening effect. Although slight difference between measured and back calculated data is observed under high normal stress, good agreements, in general, are found from back calculations. Especially, good consistency is observed in the case of low normal stress. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the proposed model can be a reasonable constitutive law to figure out the behavior of strain-softening between interfaces of geomembrane. In addition, DSC(Disturbed State Concept) model is also presented for further application in geosynthetic interfaces.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.33.1-33.1
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• 2013

Galaxies undergo various processes in the cluster environment, which could affect their evolution. In particular, ram pressure due to intracluster medium (ICM) can effectively remove HI gas, which is a relatively diffuse form of interstellar medium (ISM). On the other hand, molecular gas is not expected to get easily stripped as atomic gas since it is denser and sitting well within the stellar disk in a deeper potential well. However, cluster galaxies are found to be redder and more passive in star formation activity compared to their field counterpart. This implies that molecular gas may also get affected somehow in dense environments. In this work, we investigate molecular gas properties of a sample of galaxies undergoing HI stripping due to the ICM. We present the 12/13 CO (2-1) data of four spiral galaxies in the Virgo cluster at different ram pressure stripping stages, obtained using the Sub Millimeter Array (SMA). CO morphology of the sample appears to be highly asymmetric and disturbed. Using the ratio of different lines, we probe the molecular gas temperature in different regions. We find higher gas temperature than the range normally found among field galaxies. We discuss how these distinct molecular gas properties may affect star formation and hence the evolution of the cluster galaxy population.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.253-264
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• 2016

Based on the variation of strain along the cross section, any region in a structural member can be classified into two regions namely, Bernoulli's region (B-region) and Disturbed region (D-region). Since the variation of strain along the cross section for a B-region is linear, well-developed theories are available for their analysis and design. On the other hand, the design of D-region is carried out based on thumb rules and past experience due to the presence of nonlinear strain distribution. Strut-and-Tie method is a novel approach that can be used for the analysis and design of both B-region as well as D-region with equal importance. The strut efficiency factor (${\beta}_s$) is needed for the design and analysis of concrete members using Strut and Tie method. In this paper, equations for finding ${\beta}_s$ for bottle shaped struts in concrete deep beams (a D-region) with and without steel fibres are developed. The effects of transverse reinforcement on ${\beta}_s$ are also considered. Numerical studies using commercially available finite element software along with limited amount of experimental studies were used to find ${\beta}_s$.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.115-130
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• 2013

The sectional methods of current design codes have been broadly used for the design of various kinds of reinforced concrete pile caps. Lately, the strut-tie model approach of current design codes also became one of the attracting methods for pile caps. However, since the sectional methods and the strut-tie model approach of current design codes have been established by considering the behaviors of structural concrete without D-regions and two-dimensional concrete structures with D-regions, respectively, it is inappropriate to apply the methods to the pile caps dominated by 3-dimensional structural behavior with disturbed stress regions. In this study, the refined 3-dimensional strut-tie models, which consider the strength characteristics of 3-dimensional concrete struts and nodal zones and the load-carrying capacity of concrete ties in tension regions, are proposed for the rational analysis and design of pile caps. To examine the validity of the proposed models and to verify the necessity of appropriate constituent elements for describing 3-dimensional structural behavior and load-transfer mechanism of pile caps, the ultimate strength of 78 reinforced concrete pile caps tested to failure was examined by the proposed models along with the sectional and strut-tie model methods of current design codes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.392-407
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• 2006

This study was seasonally undertaken to investigate the benthic polychaetous community along the South-eastern coast of Geoje Is., in February 2004 to November. The macrobenthic fauna showed mean density of 953 md. $m^{-2}$ in February, 1,193 ind. $m^{-2}$ in May, 1,130 ind. $m^{-2}$ in September and 991 ind. $m^{-2}$ in November. Major faunal groups are polychaetes, crustaceans and mollusks, corresponding to 81.6%, 7.9%, 7.0% in total mean density during the sampling seasons, respectively. There was significant difference (two-way ANOVA, p<0.001) among stations in densities of polychaetes. But no significant relationship could be found between the densities of polychaetes and sampling seasons (two-way ANOVA, p>0.05). The density and the species number of polychaetes were high in the coastal area near the Jisepo port, independent of sampling seasons. Several indicator species for the organically enriched environments such as Lumbrineris longifolia, Tharyx sp., Heteromastus filiformis showed high densities during all study periods. Also Magelona japonica included in Ecolgical group I was the most abundant in the whole study period except for February. Cluster analysis on the basis of the species composition showed that the study area could be divided into 3 regions. The density of benthic polychaetes in the coastal area near Jisepo was higher than that in the other assemblages of the study area, due to some predominant opportunistic species, such as Lumbrineris longifolia, Tharyx sp. and Heteromastus filiformis. In addition, the two-way ANOVA showed significant differences among the distribution of AMBI (AZTI's Marine Biotic Index) values, both in sampling stations (p<0.001) and seasons (p<0.01). According to the classification proposed by Borja et at. (2000), the study area was slightly disturbed site.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 1999

Secondary vegetation. the holistically integrated system of nature and human being, is the complicated ecosystem that is composed of natural and man-created factors. Understanding the ecological function of secondary vegetation supplies us many important informations for sustainable landscape management and ecological restoration planning. In this research, we tried to examine the shape effect of vegetation patch on early structure of populations of pine and oaks. Moreover. we also tried to clarify the ecological functions of patch edge by exploring the patch effect on germination using patch index. In addition, we present the landscape structure of man -made vegetation of our study area, and setting experimental design of research. Vegetation landscape of study area is typical human disturbed landscape mainly composed of disturbance patches. Vegetation types of graveyard and managed pine forest were controlled by periodically repeated management. However, current seedlings of pine occurred well at both vegetation types. Presence of both saplings were more controlled in managed pine forest (PDM) and graveyard (G) than those of undergrowth (PD) and forest edge (FE) with canopy trees. The number of pine seedlings increased with patch size and patch perimeter. That of oak seedlings was, however, not significantly different. Larger graveyards provided higher light availability for germination of pine seedlings. We think, however, most seedlings of both species in the large sized graveyards without shade will die more easily than that of small sized ones before rainy summer. Relationships between patch shape and germination of two woody species cannot be exactly explained enough yet in these results. More informations on spatial interaction of the total species with differently sized patches are necessary to solve the concept of patch effect on species colonization.