• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제22권12호
• /
• pp.2205-2213
• /
• 2000

NF와 RO를 이용한 용존성 물질의 제거특성을 관찰하기 위해 UF로 전처리된 지하수가 파일럿플랜트에 6개월 동안 연속 공급되었다. 그리고 NF와 RO에서 발생한 막 오염의 특성을 파악하고 막 오염물질을 규명하기 위해서 파일럿플랜트에서 NF와 RO를 분리하여 autopsy test를 실시하였다. Autopsy test에서는 파일럿플랜트에서 사용된 막의 투과플럭스와 화학세정에 따른 플럭스의 회복율을 측정하였다. 아울러 여기서 발생한 폐세정액의 수질을 분석하여 막 오염물질의 구성성분을 알아보고자 하였다. NF와 RO1의 비플럭스는 운전시간 100일 이후에 급격히 감소하기 시작하였고 RO1에서의 감소율이 NF에서보다 컸다. 회수율이 낮온 RO2의 비플럭스는 점진적으로 감소하였다. 파일럿플랜트에서 용존성 무기물질의 제거율은 전기전도도로 NF, RO1, RO2 막에서 각각 76.3%, 88.2%, 95.3%로 RO2에서 가장 높았다. 용존성 유기물질의 제거율은 TOC로 80%정도였다. 와권형 NF와 RO의 막 오염은 원수 유입부보다는 농축수 유출부에서 많이 발생하였다. 이것은 유출부로 갈수록 막면선속도가 낮아지고 원수 중 오염물질의 농도가 높아졌기 때문이다. 막 오염물질의 주성분은 무기성 Ca염과 유기성 Si염인 것으로 생각되며 비가역적 막 오염에 기여도가 가장 큰 물질은 Fe인 것으로 생각된다. 막 오염물질의 형상을 SEM으로 관찰한 결과 최근접 표면에 유기물질이 부착되어 있고 그 위에 판상모양의 무기성분이 쌓여 있는 형태가 관찰되었다. 미생물 막 오염은 거의 관찰되지 않았는데 이것은 UF에서 1차로 대부분의 미생물이 제거되었기 때문이다.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.399-408
• /
• 2018

This research investigated the effects of weir (Ipobo) construction on the dynamics and the related spatial distributions of pollutants inflowing from tributaries (Yanghwacheon and Bokhacheon). Conductivity measurements and water sampling were conducted longitudinally, horizontally, and vertically in the waterbody upstream of the area located in Ipobo. Additionally, collected water samples were used for the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis and fluorescence analysis which results in the SUVA, HIX, BIX, and FI calculation and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Consequently, the results of the Conductivity, DOC, SUVA, and HIX showed that high concentration of pollutants that were flowing from the area of Bokhacheon which was mixed along the flow of the main river. The results of the BIX and FI did not show significant difference along the river flow which represented that allochthonous and terrestrial DOM, and for this reason was dominated in the whole waterbody rather than just the autochthonous DOM. The PARAFAC results showed that the two fluorescence components, humic-like and protein-like, constituted the fluorescence matrices of the water samples. The prevailing discipline notes that the two components were inflowing from the tributaries, however, a refractory component, humic-like substances, was relatively accumulated near the weir. From the results, the dynamics and spatial distributions of the DOM are dependent on the DOM characteristics, which induces the application of a specialized DOM analysis method to investigate the effects of a subsequent weir construction on the dynamics and spatial distributions of pollutants inflowing from the tributaries.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제56권4호
• /
• pp.339-347
• /
• 2023

본 연구는 TOC/TN-IRMS를 이용하여 총 유기탄소 및 총 질소 안정동위원소 분석법을 연구하였으며, 수환경 중저농도 시료에서도 분석이 가능하게 시스템을 구축하였다. 수생태계로 유입되는 다양한 유기탄소 기원을 파악하기 위하여 형광지표와 δ¹³C-DOC 안정동위원소비를 활용한다면 효율적인 수질 관리를 위한 해석기능을 제공할 것이며, 추후 유역 오염원의 대표값(end member)의 지속적인 조사를 통하여 자료구축이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.87-99
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to understand the source and behavior of organic matter using the fluorescent technique (excitation-emission matrix) as a part of environmental monitoring program in the Korea manganese nodule mining site in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. Water samples were collected at $0^{\circ},\;6^{\circ}N$, and $10.5^{\circ}N$ along $131.5^{\circ}W$ in August 2005. The concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) ranged from 58.01 to $171.93\;{\mu}M-C$. The vertical distribution of TOC was characterized as higher in the surface layer and decreased with depth. At $6^{\circ}N$, depth-integrated (from surface to 200 m depth) TOC was $337.1\;gC/m^2$, which was 1.4 times higher value than other stations. The exponential decay curve fit of vertical profile of TOC indicated that 59% of organic carbon produced by primary production in the surface layer could be decomposed by bacteria in the water column. Dissolved organic matter is generally classified into two distinctive groups based on their fluorescence characteristics using three-dimensional excitation/emission (Ex/Em) fluorescence mapping technique. One is known as biomacromolecule (BM; protein-like substance; showing max. at Ex 280/Em 330), mainly originated from biological metabolism. The other is geomacromolecule (GM; humic-like substance; showing max. at Ex 330/Em 430), mainly originated from microbial degradation processes. The concentration of BM and GM was from 0.42 to 7.29 TU (tryptophan unit) and from 0.06 to 1.81 QSU (quinine sulfate unit), respectively. The vertical distribution of BM was similar to that of TOC as high in the surface and decreased with depth. However, the vertical distribution of GM showed the reverse pattern of that of BM. From these results, it appeared that BM occupied a major part of TOC and was rapidly consumed by bacteria in the surface layer. GM was mainly transformed from BM by microbial processes and was a dominant component of TOC in the deep-sea layer.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제37권5_1호
• /
• pp.1125-1133
• /
• 2021

이 연구에서는 적도 부근 남태평양에 위치한 마이크로네시아 축주 웨노섬 주변 해수의 엽록소 및 부유물 농도와 흡광 특성, 원격반사도 스펙트럼 등 해수 특성을 이해하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2013년 5월부터 6월까지 연구지역의 총 50개 정점에서 얻어진 현장관측 자료와 동해, 목포, 경기만 및 낙동강 등 우리나라 주변 해역의 자료를 비교 분석하였다. 웨노섬 주변 해역의 엽록소 농도는 0.11 - 0.49 mg/m³, 평균 0.26 mg/m³, 부유물농도는 0.03 - 0.31 g/m³, 평균 0.16 g/m³으로 전형적인 맑은 해역의 특성을 보였다. 웨노섬 주변 연안해역의 파장 443 nm의 총 부유입자 흡광계수 값은 동해 연안의 흡광계수 값보다 약 0.5배 이상 작은 값을 보였으며 용존 유기물의 흡광계수 스펙트럼의 기울기가 한반도 주변보다 매우 크게 나타나, 연구지역은 유기물 입자 농도가 매우 낮고 해양기원의 용존유기물이 주 성분을 이루는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 원격반사도 스펙트럼을 한반도 주변 연안해역과 비교한 결과, 웨노섬 주변 연안해역은 전형적인 CASE-1 해수 성향의 스펙트럼 형태를 잘 보여주었다. 연구 결과, 열대해역 산호초 서식지의 해양 광특성을 잘 이해할 수 있었으며, 이를 연구지역에 특화된 해수 분석 알고리즘 개발에 이용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제39권5_1호
• /
• pp.695-713
• /
• 2023

연안 해역에서 식물성플랑크톤, 부유입자, 용존유기물은 복합적이고 비선형적으로 해수반사도를 변화시킨다. 최근 빠르게 발전하는 신경망 기술은 복잡한 비선형 관계를 효과적으로 처리할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 기존 연구에서는 성분별 고유광특성을 도출하기 위하여 세 단계의 신경망을 구성하였으나 본 연구에서는 심층신경망을 직접 적용하는 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 활용한 데이터세트는 국제해색조정그룹에서 제공하는 합성데이터를 활용하였으며, 입력데이터는 9개의 파장의 원격반사도를 입력하였다. 이를 통해 해수 고유광특성을 심층신경망을 기반으로 도출하였다. 성능을 평가하기 위해 준분석 알고리즘(quasi-analytical algorithm)과 비교하였으며, 데이터 분포에 따른 로그 변환 여부가 심층신경망 알고리즘의 성능에 영향을 미치는 정도를 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 준분석 알고리즘보다 심층신경망 알고리즘을 활용하면 부유입자에 대한 흡광계수를 제외한 고유광특성을 정확하게 추정할 수 있으며(R² 0.9 이상), 부유입자와 용존유기물의 흡광계수를 부유입자와 용존유기물 흡광계수로 각각 분리할 수 있었다. 그리고 심층신경망을 직접적으로 적용하는 알고리즘은 데이터의 로그 변환을 하지 않아도 성능 차이가 거의 없음을 파악할 수 있었다. 이 연구 결과를 해색 자료 처리에 실제 적용하기 위해서는 다양한 해역의 현장자료 및 추가적인 데이터 세트를 활용한 학습을 진행하여, 경험적 및 반분석적 방법과 비교 분석하고 알고리즘 간 장단점을 적절히 파악하는 연구가 필요하다.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.171-181
• /
• 2013

In this study, we report the water quality characteristics of pollutants for 4 major tributaries in the Yeongsan and Sumjin river basins using statistical analysis, such as regression equation and factor analysis. The flow rate and water qualtiy data collected from 4 sampling sites(Hwangryoung A, Jiseok A, Chooryeong A, Osu A) in the Yeonsan and Sumjin river basin during the past 3 years were analyzed for 11 parameters(flow rate, dissolved oxgen, pH, water temperature, electric conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen deman, total organic carbon, total nitorgen, total phosphorus, suspended solid). The results showed that the concentrations of BOD, COD, TOC, T-N, T-P in Hwangryoung A(HW) and Jiseok A(JS) of the Yeongsan river basin were decreased as the flow rate was increased. This means that rather than nonpoint soources, point sources affect water quality. In the cases of Chooryeong A(CR) and Osu A(OS) in the Sumjin river basin, howerever, nonpoint sources than point sources are an important factor that affects the water quality. Also, the factor analysis technique was employed to analyze principal component influencing on water quality. The results revealed that the first principal component in HW was correlated with EC, DO, T-N, water temperature. This "nitrogen influx according to seasonal pattern" factor may be interpreted. In JS, the first principal component was correlated with BOD, COD, TOC and is likely to represent "organic matter" processes. In CR and OS, BOD, COD, TOC, SS and T-P were significantly correlated and is considered as representing "Organic matter and adsorption of phosphorus on sediments influx". This study is expected to contribute to the effective pollution control/management of the surfac waters in the study sites.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.459-468
• /
• 2003

Annual variation of water qualities in the Shihwa Lake were observed 18 times from June 1996 to October 2001. We studied at the station of the upper streams and near the water gate of lake. After the flow of the outer seawater through the water gate, the surface salinity in Shihwa Lake increased to the range of 25-30 psu in both stations after October 1998. Due to the declination of the salinity differences between the surface and the bottom water, the pycnocline in which had existed until 1997 has weakened, and made the water column mix vertically. This led to the improvement of anoxic/hypoxic environment at bottom waters after April 1998. However, despite the continuous flow of the outer seawater, the concentrations of chlorophyll-a at surface layer were varied from $2{\mu}g/l\;to\;60{\mu}g/l$, and these values indicated the eutrophication. The following organic matter load was greatly influencing the surface layer's COD concentration. During the rainy season, the salinity at the surface layer to the below 15 psu resulting in stratification between the surface and bottom layer. Organic matters that were provided from the surface layer to the bottom layer due to active primary production in the year exhausted dissolved oxygen at the bottom layer, and the bulks of organic matters at bottom gave rise to hypoxic or anoxic environment. It was observed that the enrichment of ammonia and phosphate were main factors to worsen the water quality of the Shihwa Lake. The results of examining the annual variations in Shiwha Lake through principal component analysis shown that water characteristics in the rainy season were similar with those before input of outer sea water.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.285-295
• /
• 2001

We developed a CASE-II water model that will enable the simulation of remote sensing reflectance($R_{rs}$) at the coastal waters for the retrieval of suspended sediments (SS) concentrations from satellite imagery. The model has six components which are: water, chlorophyll, dissolved organic matter (DOM), non-chlorophyllous particles (NC), heterotrophic microorganisms and an unknown component, possibly represented by bubbles or other particulates unrelated to the five first components. We measured $R_{rs}$, concentration of SS and chlorophyll, and absorption of DOM during our field campaigns in Korea. In addition, we generated $R_{rs}$ from different concentrations of SS and chlorophyll, and various absorptions of DOM by random number functions to create a large database to test the model. We assimilated both the computer generated parameters as well as the in-situ measurements in order to reconstruct the reflectance spectra. We validated the model by comparing model-reconstructed spectra with observed spectra. The estimated $R_{rs}$ spectra were used to (1) evaluate the performance of four wavelengths and wavelengths ratios for accurate retrieval of SS. 2) identify the optimum band for SS retrieval, and 3) assess the influence of the SS on the chlorophyll algorithm. The results indicate that single bands at longer wavelengths in visible better results than commonly used channel ratios. The wavelength of 625nm is suggested as a new and optimal wavelength for SS retrieval. Because this wavelength is not available from SeaWiFS, 555nm is offered as an alternative. The presence of SS in coastal areas can lead to overestimation chlorophyll concentrations greater than 20-500%.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.123-128
• /
• 2008

The Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) existing in a water includes both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances however, most of the discussion focuses on hydrophobic substances. The hydrophobic fraction was easily removed by absorption or coagulation more than hydrophilic fraction. Therefore, control of the hydrophilic fraction is very important in water treatment process. This study is to determine the variation of DOC, the removal efficiency of DOC, and Trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) after each stage of water treatment process by fractionating Natural Organic Matters (NOM) into hydrophobic and hydrophilic substance. DOC from raw water was fractionated at acidic pH (pH<2) using XAD 8 resin column, into two fraction : hydrophobic substance (i.e. humic substance) adsorbed on XAD 8 and hydrophilic substance which represent the organics contained in the final effluent. THMFP was carried out according to the following set condition: Cl2/DOC=4 mg/mg, incubation at $25^{\circ}C$ in darkness, pH 7 adjust with HCl or NaOH as necessary, and 72hour-contact time. THMs analyzed in this study were chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethan, and bromoform. Sewage was almost evenly split between the hydrophobic (56%) and hydrophilic fraction (44%). But, Aldrich humic substance (AHS) was found to contain less hydrophilics (14%) than hydrophobics (86%). The formation of THMs may depend on the source which is characterized by the composition of organic matters such as AHS and sewage. The THMFP yield of sewage and AHS were assessed as follows. The value of the THMFP reaction yield, AHS $172.65{\mu}g/mg$, is much higher than that of sewage $41.68{\mu}g/mg$. This illustrates possible significant difference in THMFP according to the component type and the proportion of organic matter existing in water source. Apparently AHS react with chlorine to produce more THMFP than do the smaller molecules found in sewage. Water treatment process may reduce THMFP, nevertheless residual DOC (the more hydrophilic substance) has significant THMFP. Further reduction in organic halide precursors requires application of alternative treatment techniques.