• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5715-5719
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in the world. The disease is caused by infectious and non-infectious, environmental and lifestyle factors. Tobacco smoke has been one of the most widely studied environmental factors wiith possible relevance to breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of tobacco smoking in breast cancer patients in a hospital based cohort and to establish prognostic implications if any. Materials and Methods: A retrospective audit of 100 women with pathological diagnosis of invasive breast cancer was included in this study. The verbal questionnaire elicited information on current and previous history of exposure to smoking in addition to active smoking. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, including stage at presentation, alcohol intake, hormonal replacement therapy, oral contraceptive intake, obesity and menopausal status. Results: The mean age at presentation of breast cancer was $51.4{\pm}10.86$ years. Mean age of presentation was $53.1{\pm}11.5$ and $45.7{\pm}11.9$ years in never smokers and passive smokers, respectively. Age at presentation varied widely in patients exposed to tobacco smoke for >10 years in childhood from $40.3{\pm}12.0$ years to $47.7{\pm}13.9$ in patients exposed for > 20years as adults. Among passive smokers, 60.9% were premenopausal and 39.1% of patients were postmenopausal. In never smokers, 71.4% were post menopausal. Expression of receptors in non-smokers vs passive smokers was comparable with no significant differences. Metastatic potential in lung parenchyma was slightlyelevated in passive smokers as compared to never smokers although statistically non-significant. Conclusions: An inverse relationship exists between the intensity and duration of smoking and the age at presentation and poor prognostic factors. The results strongly suggest efforts should be taken to prevent smoking, encourage quitting and restrict exposure to second hand smoke in India.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.13A no.5 s.102
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• pp.465-472
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• 2006

Recently, many suggestions have been made in image segmentation methods for extracting human organs or disease affected area from huge amounts of medical image datasets. However, images from some areas, such as brain, which have multiple structures with ambiruous structural borders, have limitations in their structural segmentation. To address this problem, clustering technique which classifies voxels into finite number of clusters is often employed. This, however, has its drawback, the influence from noise, which is caused from voxel by voxel operations. Therefore, applying image enhancing method to minimize the influence from noise and to make clearer image borders would allow more robust structural segmentation. This research proposes an efficient structural segmentation method by filtering based clustering to extract detail structures such as white matter, gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid from brain MR. First, coherence enhancing diffusion filtering is adopted to make clearer borders between structures and to reduce the noises in them. To the enhanced images from this process, fuzzy c-means clustering method was applied, conducting structural segmentation by assigning corresponding cluster index to the structure containing each voxel. The suggested structural segmentation method, in comparison with existing ones with clustering using Gaussian or general anisotropic diffusion filtering, showed enhanced accuracy which was determined by how much it agreed with the manual segmentation results. Moreover, by suggesting fine segmentation method on the border area with reproducible results and minimized manual task, it provides efficient diagnostic support for morphological abnormalities in brain.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.329-336
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• 2015

In this study, Pilates mat exercise program three times a week for 8 weeks, 10 minutes for a warm up, 40 minutes of main exercise, and 10-minute cool down exercise using gadgetry to the middle aged women. Pilates exercise program when exercise intensity based on the instructions of the ACSM (2010) as 1-4 weeks 50-60% HRR, 5-8 weeks 61-70% HRR to give 50-70%, maintaining the strength of 4 weeks. Pilates exercise program by gadgetry has increased the strength of wireless heart rate meter (Polar Analyzer, Polar Electro of Finland) Karvonen (1979), proceed individual target heart exercise obtained as a way now to check your strength workout through individual conciousness. We estimated immunoglobulin change for Pilates mat exercise by gadgetry during 8-week. It showed the following conclusions. First, immunoglobulin IgA has been increased and Interaction effects has been showed thruough Pilates mat exercise programs for 8 weeks. Second, immunoglobulin IgG has been increased and showed Interaction effects has been showed thruough Pilates mat exercise programs for 8 weeks. Third, immunoglobulin IgM has been increased and showed Interaction has been showed effects thruough Pilates mat exercise programs for 8 weeks. Therefore, this study was conducted on a Pilates mat exercise using props immune function are positive hormonal changes, can prevent private for the disease and effective exercises that are the fodder.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.211-217
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• 2004

Chronic acquired hepatocerebral degeneration(CAHD) is a heterogenous that can occur with a primary neurologic, hepatic, or combined presentation. Symptoms and signs of that included progressive dementia, dysarthria, involuntary movements(including tremor, asterixis, and choreoathetosis), ataxia of limb and gait, typically in a patient with chronic liver cirrhosis. Characteristic radiologic findings is high signal on globus pallidus on T1W1 MRI. Recently, we experienced a patients, a 73-year-old female with CAHD presenting mental change, cognitive deficits, and various involuntary movement. In our patient, T1 weighted MRI of the brain showed symmetric high signal intensity in both basal ganglia. Increased ammonia $level(226{\mu}g/dl)$ in whole blood and a multiple anomalous vessels with spleno-renal shunt on abdominal CT were found. But, liver cirrhosis is absent. In admission care, these mental change and involuntary movements had a good response to herbal medication. We report on patient with CAHD which had a spontaneous spleno-renal shunt without liver disease.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.162-170
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• 2003

The probabilistic anatomical maps are used to localize the functional neuro-images and morphological variability. The quantitative indicator is very important to inquire the anatomical position of an activated legion because functional image data has the low-resolution nature and no inherent anatomical information. Although previously developed MNI probabilistic anatomical map was enough to localize the data, it was not suitable for the Korean brains because of the morphological difference between Occidental and Oriental. In this study, we develop a probabilistic anatomical map for Korean normal brain. Normal 75 blains of T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo magnetic resonance images were acquired on a 1.5-T GESIGNA scanner. Then, a standard brain is selected in the group through a clinician searches a brain of the average property in the Talairach coordinate system. With the standard brain, an anatomist delineates 89 regions of interest (ROI) parcellating cortical and subcortical areas. The parcellated ROIs of the standard are warped and overlapped into each brain by maximizing intensity similarity. And every brain is automatically labeledwith the registered ROIs. Each of the same-labeled region is linearly normalize to the standard brain, and the occurrence of each legion is counted. Finally, 89 probabilistic ROI volumes are generated. This paper presents a probabilistic anatomical map for localizing the functional and structural analysis of Korean normal brain. In the future, we'll develop the group specific probabilistic anatomical maps of OCD and schizophrenia disease.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2002

Mineral medicines are single or mixtures of minerals and rocks which have been used to treat disease. Recently, their application has been increased by emphasizing the physical properies of the medicines, in addition to their chemical properies. In this study, mineralogical, chemical, spectroscopic and magnetic properties were measured using X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Ff-Infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass magnetic susceptibility. Experiments were done using these properties to evaluate application of traditional mineral medicines such as Yanggiseok, Yeonok and Eumgiseok. Mineralogical study proves that Yanggiseok, generally known as tremolite, consists of actinolite. Yeonok for medical usage mostly consists of fine grained tremolite. Eumgiseok is mainly composed of vermiculite and minor kaolinite and halloysite. Yeonok and Yanggiseok, belong to the amphibole group among inosilicates and both have similar emission power properties. The intensity of emission power, calculated from FT-IR measurements, follows in the order of Yeonok, Yanggiseok and Eumgiseok at 40$^{\circ}$C and Yanggiseok, Yeonok and Eumgiseok in such order at 150$^{\circ}$C. As a result of NMR analysis after 20 days in distilled water, the three mineral medicines decreased in the following order; Eumgiseok, Yanggiseok and Yeonok. However, the same minerals decreased in the order of Eumgiseok, Yeonok and Yanggiseok after 80 days. In response temperature, magnetic susceptibility of Yanggiseok and Eumgiseok systematically increased by heating to 25$^{\circ}$C, 100$^{\circ}$C and 700$^{\circ}$C. Magnetic susceptibility of Yeonok shows a decreasing pattern due to heating.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.885-893
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• 2010

This study measured physical characteristics and physical composition of 16 middle-aged obese women using a body composition analyzer. TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C were investigated in order to analyze components of serum liquids. The study also compared changes regarding cardiovascular risk factors before and after a 12-week exercise program by measuring insulin and intensity of TNF-$\alpha$. To examine such changes, the study carried out a 12-week, complex training program for middle-aged obese women who did not regularly exercise. The results of the study were as follows: 1) after 12 weeks of complex training, in changes of physical characteristics, weight, BMI and WHR were significantly reduced. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure increased, but there were no significant differences; 2) after 12 weeks of complex training, in changes of physical composition, body fat mass and body fat rate were significantly reduced and fat free mass was significantly increased; 3) after 12 weeks of complex training, in changes of serum liquids, TC, TG and LDL-C were significantly reduced. HDL-C increased, but this was not statistically significant; 4) after 12 weeks of complex training, in changes of cardiovascular risk factors, insulin and TNF-$\alpha$ were significantly reduced.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.15B no.6
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• pp.507-516
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• 2008

Cardiac disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Quantification of cardiac function is performed by manually calculating blood volume and ejection fraction in routine clinical practice, but it requires high computational costs. In this study, an automatic left ventricle (LV) segmentation algorithm using short-axis cine cardiac MRI is presented. We compensate coil sensitivity of magnitude images depending on coil location, classify edge information after extracting edges, and segment LV by applying region-growing segmentation. We design a weighting function for intensity signal and calculate a blood volume of LV considering partial voxel effects. Using cardiac cine SSFP of 38 subjects with Cornell University IRB approval, we compared our algorithm to manual contour tracing and MASS software. Without partial volume effects, we achieved segmentation accuracy of $3.3mL{\pm}5.8$ (standard deviation) and $3.2mL{\pm}4.3$ in diastolic and systolic phases, respectively. With partial volume effects, the accuracy was $19.1mL{\pm}8.8$ and $10.3mL{\pm}6.1$ in diastolic and systolic phases, respectively. Also in ejection fraction, the accuracy was $-1.3%{\pm}2.6$ and $-2.1%{\pm}2.4$ without and with partial volume effects, respectively. Results support that the proposed algorithm is exact and useful for clinical practice.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.453-465
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• 2017

UN adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, a set of 17 objectives with 169 targets expected to guide actions over the next 15 years (2016-2030). One goal expressly focuses on the oceans, that is, SDG 14 'Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development'. More than 30% of fish stocks worldwide were classified by FAO(2016) as overfished. Globally, world capture fisheries are near the ocean's productive capacity with catches on the order of 80 million metric tons. Aquaculture production is increasing rapidly and is expected to continue to increase, but aquaculture encounters some environmental challenges, including potential pollution, competition with wild fishery resources, potential contamination of gene pools, disease problems, and loss of habitat. Accordingly, there have been a variety of world organization and conferences stressing the importance of the implementation of the ecosystem-based fisheries management(EBFM) to overcome these problems. Annual catch of Korean fisheries have shown continuously declining patterns since late 1990s. Most fish stocks are currently known to be over-exploited, and some stocks are depleted due to the increase in fishing intensity and over-capitalization of fishing fleets. Other reasons for the depletion are land reclamations and coastal pollution, which destroy spawning and nursery grounds along the coastal regions. Aquaculture production is also increasing rapidly in Korea. However, several important issues such as gene pool and interaction with capture fisheries should be considered. The EBFM approach should use the best available information coupled with a reasonable application of the precautionary approach. The EBFM has global relevance, and so the real challenge will be to develop and use reliable, robust and cost-effective means of assessing and monitoring the status of ecosystems and their resources, and rapid means of detecting any undesirable and excessive impacts that threaten sustainable use. Future fisheries education should take into account UN's SDGs, which were adopted to achieve the global 2030 agenda. However, there are some difficulties in the current fisheries education system in Korea. First, the current education organizations are limited within the old frame of traditional fisheries sciences. Second, the fisheries education is currently lack of the future-oriented education system and of customized schools or departments. Third, the on-going fisheries education has been based upon few educational policies which are sufficiently relevant to holistic SDGs of the global standard. Accordingly, directions to modern fisheries education for achieving SDGs would be, first, the transition of fisheries education structure into the future-oriented and customized education system. Second, fisheries education needs to shift to the new paradigm, which combines traditional fisheries science education with related fields such as oceanography and environmental sciences to adopt the concept of EBFM. Lastly, fisheries education should accompany relevant policies for effectively achieving SDGs.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.581-593
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the work environments of dental hygienists to their occupational diseases in a bid to provide some information on their health care, health promotion and the prevention of occupational diseases. Methods : The subjects in this study were 300 dental hygienists who worked in Seoul, urban communities involving large cities and rural areas. One-on-one interviews and a self-administered survey were implemented with their consent. Results : The findings of the study were as follows: 1. 60 percent of the dental hygienists investigated replied that they had occupation-related physical symptoms. By the length of service, the dental hygienists who worked for six to 10 years had the most symptoms. 2. Out of the occupation-related symptoms, the most prevalent symptom was a pain in the shoulders and neck(41%), followed by a pain in the lower back, a pain in the legs, a pain in the wrists and skin diseases. The most painful parts of the body were hands and arms. 3. In regard to the relationship between the general characteristics and the intensity of pain, the highest group of the dental hygienists in Seoul replied that they had a severe pain, and the lowest number of those in the large cities gave the same answer. 4. Concerning the cause of occupational diseases, 65.7 percent cited the wrong posture. 5. As to relationship between the general characteristics and regular hospital-visit experiences for the prevention of pain during work hours, many of the dental hygienists who were in their 40s and 50s visited hospitals from time to time, and many of those in their 20s never did that. 6. In regard to links between the general characteristics and an opinion on the necessity of regular education, many of the respondents from Seoul and urban regions involving large cities considered it necessary to receive education on a regular basis. By daily work hours, the highest number of those who worked for eight hours or less considered that necessary, and lots of those who worked for 11 hours didn't consent to that. The gaps between them were statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusions : Given the findings of the study, daily work hours and length of service were two integral factors to affect the regular hospital-visit experiences and pain, and the wrong posture was identified as the most common cause of occupational diseases. To ensure the successful prevention of occupational diseases, dental hygiene students should be taught the importance of occupational disease before they start to work, and supplementary education should be provided for dental hygienists to work in the right posture.