• 터널과지하공간
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.181-187
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• 2012

방재분야에서 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 방법을 이용한 많은 연구는 재산 피해를 줄이고 인명을 구할 수 있다. 불연속변형해석법(DDA)은 불연속성 암반의 거동을 해석하기 위한 새로운 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 방법이다. 현실적으로 대부분의 암반사면은 3차원적 문제이기 때문에 2차원 변형해석은 적용하는데 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 불연속변형해석법 관한 이론을 기술하였으며, 불연속성 암반에서의 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 기법으로 새롭게 개발한 3차원 불연속변형해석법을 제안하고, 암반사면의 파괴 거동에 적용했다. 암반사면 현장에 적용하여 결과를 비교 검토함으로써, 암반사면의 변형과 파괴 메커니즘 해석에 있어서 개발한 3차원 불연속 변형 해석법의 적용성에 대한 검증을 하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.201-215
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• 1998

The structural behavior of reinforced concrete frame infilled with a masonry wall is investigated by the method of discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). An interface element is developed and it is incorporated into DDA to analyze the continuous and discontinuous behavior of the masonry structure. The numerical results are compared with previous research and possess satisfactory agreement. Then the structural behavior and stress distribution of a reinforced concrete frame infilled with a masonry wall subjected to a horizontal force are studied. In addition, the justification of equivalent strut is assessed by the distribution of principal stresses. The results show that the behavior of the masonry structure is highly influenced by the failure of mortar. On the basis of the distribution of principal stress of the masonry wall in the reinforced concrete frame, the equivalent strut can be approximately substituted for the masonry wall without separation and opening. However, the application of equivalent strut to the masonry wall with separation and opening needs further study.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.325-336
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• 2018

Deformation of rock masses is not only related to rock itself, but also related to discontinuities, the latter maybe greater. Study on crack propagation at discontinuities is important to reveal the damage law of rock masses. DDARF is a discontinuous deformation analysis method for rock failure and some modified algorithms are proposed in this study. Firstly, coupled modeling methods of AutoCAD-DDARF and ANSYS-DDARF are introduced, which could improve the modeling efficiency of DDARF compared to its original program. Secondly, a convergence criterion for automatically judging the computation equilibrium is established, it could overcome subjective drawbacks of ending one calculation by time steps. Lastly but not the least, relationship between the super relaxation factor and the calculation convergence is analyzed, and reasonable value range of the super relaxation factor is obtained. Based on these above modified programs, influences on crack propagation of joint angle, joint parameters and geo-stresses' side pressure are studied.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 1999

불연속 변형 해석법(Discontinuous Deformation Analysis Method)은 1988년에 Shi에 의해 개발되었으며, 암반-구조물 상호작용 모델링에 매우 효율적인 해석법이다. 이 해석법에서 암반은 유한하고 변형가능한 블록으로 간주되며, 암반의 대변형 및 이동이 가능하다. 그 후, DDA 방법에 대한 여러가지 보완사례가 발표되었으나, 균열이 발달한 암반의 지표 또는 지중 굴착 모델링에 긴요한 지하수-암반블록 상호작용 모델링은 불가능하다. 본 논문에서는 암반 블록 사이의 수리 력학적 커플링을 고려하기 위한 새로운 방법이 제시된다. 또한, 이 방법이 보완된 새로운 DDA해석법의 적용 예가 제시된다. 본 연구결과 암반 균열 사이를 흐르는 지하수는 터널의 안정성에 나쁜 영향을 미친다는 사실이 확인되었다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.305-315
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• 2005

불연속 변형해석은 에너지 최소화원리를 이용하여 전체 행렬을 구성하는 유한요소법과 개별블록의 대변위를 모사할 수 있는 개별요소법의 장점을 모두 가지고 있는 해석법이다. 이 연구에서는 불연속 변형해석에서 해석결과에 문제점이 있는 접촉문제를 개선하는 시도로써 불연속 변형해석에서 정의하는 접촉 중 선-선 접촉을 해석하는 새로운 기법을 적용하였다. 이를 위해 접촉쌍의 개념을 이용하여 새로운 7 가지의 선-선 접촉의 상태를 정의하고 이에 따른 새로운 전단거동 결정 방법과 개폐수렴반복해석에서의 수렴조건, 접촉찾기 등의 세부알고리듬을 제시하였다. 또한 블록간의 접촉에 의해 작용하는 마찰력을 기존의 점하중 형태에서 선하중의 형태로 개선하는 식을 유도하여 새 알고리듬에 적용하였다.

• 지질공학
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.257-268
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• 2005

일반적으로 현지 암반은 강도의 변화가 심 한 다양한 불연속면들을 포함하여 불균질하고 불연속성 을 나타낸다. 절리, 단층, 균열, 층리와 같은 불연속면들은 암반의 강도와 변형특성을 좌우하는 중요한 요인이다. 결과적으로, 지하공동의 안정성은 무결암의 역학적 특성뿐만 아니 라, 공동의 기하학적 형상과 관련하여 불연속면들의 공간적 분포와 역학적 특성에 크게 영 향을 받는다. 따라서 지하심부의 응력 조건에서의 공동설계를 위해서는 불연속 암반의 거동에 대한 정확한 이해가 필수적이다. 암반역 학 분야의 발전에 의하여 등방성 암반에서 의지 하공동 설계를 위한 기준이 제시되고 있으나, 불연속성 암반의 변형 거동은 불명확성 이 여전히 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 연속체절 리모델을 적용하여 불연속성 암반내의 지하공동 주변의 소성영역의 크기, 응력분포 및 변형거동에 대하여 매개변수의 변화에 따른 영향을 고찰하였다. Mohr-Coulomb 파괴 이론에 의한 탄소성 유한차분법을 적용하였으며, 비조합 유동법칙과 완전소성 물질거 동을 가정하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.723-738
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• 2017

Rock is a heterogeneous material, which introduces complexity in the analysis of rock slopes, since both the existing discontinuities within the rock mass and the intact rock contribute to the degradation of strength. Rock failure is often catastrophic due to the brittle nature of the material, involving the sliding along structural planes and the fracturing of rock bridge. This paper proposes an advanced discretization method of rock mass based on block theory. An in-house software, GeoSMA-3D, has been developed to generate the discrete fracture network (DFN) model, considering both measured and artificial joints. Measured joints are obtained from the photogrammetry analysis on the excavation face. Statistical tools then facilitate to derive artificial joints within the rock mass. Key blocks are searched to provide guidance on potential reinforcement measures. The discretized blocky system is subsequently implemented into a discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) code. Strength reduction technique is employed to analyze the stability of the slope, where the factor of safety can be obtained once excessive deformation of slope profile is observed. The combined analysis approach also provides the failure mode, which can be used to guide the choice of strengthening strategy if needed. Finally, an illustrated example is presented for the analysis of a rock slope of 20 m height inclined at $60^{\circ}$ using combined GeoSMA-3D and DDA calculation.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.787-803
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• 2016

DDARF (Discontinuous Deformation Analysis for Rock Failure) is a numerical algorithm for simulating jointed rock masses' discontinuous deformation. While its reinforcement simulation is only limited to end-anchorage bolt, which is assumed to be a linear spring simply. Here, several new reinforcement modes in DDARF are proposed, including lining reinforcement, full-length anchorage bolt and equivalent reinforcement. In the numerical simulation, lining part is assigned higher mechanical strength than surrounding rock masses, it may include multiple virtual joints or not, depending on projects. There must be no embedding or stretching between lining blocks and surrounding blocks. To realize simulation of the full-length anchorage bolt, at every discontinuity passed through the bolt, a set of normal and tangential spring needs to be added along the bolt's axial and tangential direction. Thus, bolt's axial force, shearing force and full-length anchorage effect are all realized synchronously. And, failure criterions of anchorage effect are established for different failure modes. In the meantime, from the perspective of improving surrounding rock masses' overall strength, a new equivalent and tentative simulation method is proposed, it can save calculation storage and improve efficiency. Along the text, simulation algorithms and applications of these new reinforcement modes in DDARF are given.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.63-76
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• 1998

This paper presents dynamic responses of structures with sliding base which limits the translation of external loads from ground excitation. A discrete element model based on the discontinuous deformation analysis method is proposed to study this sliding boundary problem. The sliding base is simulated using sets of fictitious contact springs along the sliding interface. The set of contact spring is to translate friction force from ground to superstructure. Validity of the proposed model is examined by the closed-form solutions of an idealized mass-spring structural model subjected to harmonic ground excitation. This model is also applied to a problem of a three-story structural model subjected to the ground excitation of 1940 El Centro earthquake. Analyses of both sliding-base and fixed-base conditions are performed as comparisons. This study shows that using this model can simulate the dynamic response of a sliding structure with frictional cut-off quite accurately. Results reveal that lowering the frictional coefficient of the sliding joint will reduce the peak responses. The structure responses in little deformation, but it displaces at the end of excitation.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.231-234
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• 2008

This paper is concerned with the analysis of elasto-plastic stress waves by a time discontinuous variational integrator based on Hamiltonian in order to more accurate results in one dimensional dynamic problem. The proposed algorithm adopts both time-discontinuous variational integrator and space-continuous Hamiltonian so as to capture discontinuities of stress waves. This study enables to preserve total mechanical energy such as internal energy, kinetic energy and dissipative energy due to plastic deformation for long integration time. Finite element analysis of elasto-plastic stress waves is carried out in order to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm.