• 제목/요약/키워드: direct writing

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비대면 및 대면 상황의 논의기반 탐구(ABI) 과학 수업에서 나타나는 중학생들의 인식론적 사고 비교 분석 (Comparative Analysis of Epistemic Thinking in Middle School Students in Argument-Based Inquiry(ABI) Science Class of No Face-to-Face and Face-to-Face Context)

  • 이지화;조혜숙;남정희
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제66권5호
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    • pp.390-404
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    • 2022
  • 이 연구는 비대면 및 대면 상황의 논의기반 탐구 과학 수업에서 나타나는 중학생들의 인식론적 사고의 특징 및 변화를 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 광역시 소재의 중학교 2학년 4개 학급 113명 학생을 대상으로 비대면 상황의 5개 주제와 대면 상황의 5개 주제의 논의기반 탐구 과학 수업을 적용하였다. 비대면 및 대면 상황의 논의기반 탐구 과학 수업 진행에 따른 중학생들의 인식론적 사고 특징 및 변화를 알아보기 위하여 모둠별 의문 만들기 단계의 논의과정에서 나타나는 논의 활동의 특징과 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 연구결과, 비대면 상황의 논의기반 탐구 수업은 대면 상황의 논의기반 탐구 수업과 비교하여 내용에 대한 이해와 증거제시 타당성 항목에서 높은 수준의 사고가 나타났다. 대면 상황의 수업에서는 비대면 상황의 수업보다 주장제시 타당성과 논의과정의 전개 항목에서 높은 수준의 사고를 보였다. 비대면 상황에서는 직접적인 의사소통이 아닌 글을 바탕으로 논의가 이루어지고 이로 부터 지식에 대한 이해를 높일 수 있었고, 대면 상황에서는 모둠원들과 직접적인 의사소통으로 인한 대인 관계에 의해 영향을 받는 사고가 주로 나타났다.

집행관배훈안례연구(阐述工商业背景下的有限合理性):집행관배훈안례연구(执行官培训案例研究) (Interpreting Bounded Rationality in Business and Industrial Marketing Contexts: Executive Training Case Studies)

  • Woodside, Arch G.;Lai, Wen-Hsiang;Kim, Kyung-Hoon;Jung, Deuk-Keyo
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제19권3호
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    • pp.49-61
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    • 2009
  • 本文为执行官提供了他们在处理日常业务问题和市场机会时如何阐述自己思考过程的培训. 本研究建立在Schank提出的教学基础上, 包括: (1)经验学习和最好的指导提供给学习者从诸如全球背景, 团队项目和专家经历等的互动的故事提炼知识和技能的机会. (2) 告诉不会导致学习, 因为在学习需要的行动训练环境中, 应强调积极使用故事, 案例和项目. 每个培训案例包括执行官解释自己的决策系统分析(DSA, 还需要执行官做DSA简报. 在训练时要求执行官写DSA简报. 在执行官学员写书面报告的说明中包括(1) DSA路线图的本质的细节(2) 警告和机会的陈述, 读者的行政地图及图内的DSA解释. 该报告的最大长度为500字, 其规则就是使行政人员培训课程行之有效. 引言之后是第二部分文献综述, 简要地总结了有关人们在对问题和机会的背景下的想法及文献. 第三部分通过使用对不同的贴牌生产客户定价相同的化学产品的培训练习来解释DSA的起源和过程, 第四部分展示一个炼油设备公司订价决策的培训练习. 第五部分提供一个商业客户办公家具采购的市场策略案例. 第六部分是结论和建议. 这些建议是关于使用培训课程和发展其他培训课程来磨练执行官制定决策的能力. 文章引导读者利用工具箱研究综合的报告, (DSA)路线图根据生态合理性理论将战略与环境相匹配. 这三个案例的研究让学习者在意愿层面征求建议来作出决策. Todd and Gigerenzer 提出人们使用简单启发式,因为他们在自然的决策环境中通过探索信息的结构使适应性行为有可能产生. "简单是一种美德, 而不是诅咒", 有限理性理论强调了西蒙的命题中心, "人类理性的行为仿佛一把剪刀, 其刀片则是任务环境的结构和执行者的计算能力". Gigerenzer的观点和西蒙的环境的危害相关, 也和本文中三个环境结构的案例相关. "环境这个词, 在这里, 并不是指总的物理和生理的环境, 而只是指被给予需要和目标的重要有机体 本文关注了结合任务环境的结构和使用适应的工具箱启发的报告. (DSA)路线图根据生态理性理论将战略与环境相匹配. 渴望适应理论是这一方针的核心. 渴望适应理论将决策制定作为一个没有把目标整合的多目标问题模拟成一个把所有决策选项进行完全的优先顺序化. 这三个案例研究让学习者在意愿层面征求建议来作出决策. 渴望适应用一系列的调整步骤的形式. 一个调整步骤通过仅一个目标变量的变化就可以改变在渴望网格上邻近点当前的渴望水平. 上调步骤是目标变量的提高, 下调步骤是目标变量的下降. 创造和使用渴望适应水平是对有限理性理论的整合. 文章通过提供学习者经验和实践环节增加了意愿采纳和有限合理性的理解和特点. 利用DSA图排列CTSs和撰写TOP可以清晰和深化Selten的观点 "清晰, 意愿采纳必须作为研究的解决方案整合到整个蓝图中". 这些有限理性的研究许可了在现实生活中为什么, 如何作决策的理论和在自然的环境中利用启发式的学习训练两方面的发展. 本文中的练习鼓励根据不同使用目的学习快速而简洁的启发式技巧和原则. 这也正回应了Schank的思想 "从本质上来看, 教育不是让学生们知道发生了什么, 而是让他们感受到所发生的事情. 这不容易做到. 在如今的学校教育是没有情感的, 这是一个很大的问题". 这三个案例和附加的练习问题遵守了Schank的观点. "这种教育过程最好是通过参与他们其中来实现, 也可以这样认为, 精神层面的积极讨论".

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동의보감(東醫寶鑑)을 통한 허준의 의학사상에 관한 고찰 (A study on Huh-Joon's medical thoughts in Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham)

  • 권학철;박찬국
    • 대한한의학원전학회지
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    • 제6권
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    • pp.89-130
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    • 1993
  • Huh-joon's medical thoughts shown on his medical book of the Doog-Eui-Bo-Kham can be summerized as follows. 1. The general trend of medical science in Koryo dynasty is that much more interests were concentrated upon the books about curative means rather than upon the books about theoretical knowledge of medical science. With the development of Hyang Yak(鄕樂) (the term referring either various kinds of domestic medical stuffs such as herbs or the curative methods using those stuffs) and the writing of books on Hyang Yak, independent medical science of the nation's own was established in late Koryo dynasty. And the national medical science was continuously further developed until early Choson dynasty. Briskly-expanded mutual exchanges with China in early Choson dynasty provided Choson opportunities to import Chinese medical science and to examine it. Under this circumstances, he wrote the Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham. 2. As we look over the preface and Chip-Rae-Muo(集例文), we can find the characterstic of Doog-Eui-Bo-Kham is that the philosophical theory of Taoism was quoted in explaining the principles of his medical science and that the main idea of Naekyuog is the basis in explaining the way of curing diseases. 3. 83 kinds of medical books were quoted in the Doog-Eui-Bo-Kham. Besides, as many as 200 kinds of books including Tao-tzu's teaching books(道書), history books(史書), almanac(曆書), and Confucius' teaching books(儒家書籍) were quoted in total. Naekyuog and Eue-Hak-Ip-Mun, Dan-Kye-Sim-Bup were the most frequently quoted books among them. 4. Huh-Joon's medical thoughts about health care were like these. 1) The reason why Huh-Joon regarded the idea of health care as of great importance was that he laid much more emphasises on the preventive medicines rather than on the remedial medicines. The direct reason was that he was greatly influenced by profound knowledge of Taoist's study of discipline and who participated in the editing the books from the beginning. 2) Huh-Joon's outlook on human body started from the theory of "Unity of Heaven and Man"(天人合一論), which implied man was a kind of miniature universe. In addition to that, he largely theory of essence(精), vital force(氣), and spirit(神) which were regarded very important as the three most valuable properties in Taoism. However, he took his medical ground on practical and pragmatic idea that he did not discuss fundamental essence(元精), fundamental vital force(元氣), and fundamental spirit(元神) which were given by Heaven from the received only the theory of essence, vital force, and spirit which were acquired after birth and worked mainly on realistic activity of life. 3) Huh-loon accepted Do-In-Bup(導引法) sharply as a method to prevent and cure diseases. 5. Huh-loon's medical thoughts on remedial aspects are as 1) Naekyung was considered so important in Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham that not only each paragraph was begun with the Quotations from Nackyung but also the edited order of the content of the book the same with that of Naekyung. And differently from the former korean medical books he accepted at large and recorded the theories of the four noted physicians of the Geum-Won era(金元四大家) by Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham. 2) For the first time, Huh-Joon introduced the theory of Un-Ki (運氣論) in the Dong-Eui-Bo-Kahm. However, he accepted it as a pathological function of human body but he did not apply physical constitution, physiological function, pathological function, and remedial methods. 3) Huh-loon liked to use Hyang Yak that he recorded korean name of Hyang Yak(鄕名), places of the production(産地), the time of collecting(採取時月), and the way of drying herbs(陰陽乾正法) in the remedial method of a single medicine prescription for diseases at the end of each paragraph. By doing so, he developed, arranged, and revived Hyang Yak. 4) He believed that since the natural features of China were different from those of Korea the reasons of being attacked with its remedial methods couldn't be the same with different from Chinese medical books which primarily focused on paralysis and the injury of the cold has his own structure in his book that he founded independent science of this nation. He consulted enormous documents He discovered and wrote the theory and therefore concrete methods for diseases so that the book hadthe principles of outbreak of diseases(理), methods of cure(法), prescription(方), and a single medicine prescription(藥) and set system of medical science in a good order. By doing so, he and pragmatic development of medical science.

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표암(豹菴)의 「호가유금원기(扈駕遊禁苑記)」에 나타난 궁원 유람행사의 내용과 의미 (Content and Meaning of Royal Garden Sightseeing Event in Pyoam's 「Hogayugeumwongi」)

  • 홍형순
    • 한국전통조경학회지
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    • 제32권2호
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2014
  • 본 연구의 목적은 표암의 "호가유금원기"에 담긴 궁원 유람행사의 내용과 의미를 밝히는 것이다. 본 연구의 방법은 사료에 담긴 내용과 의미를 고찰하고 해석하는 기술(description)적 연구방법이 사용되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 왕이 친히 신하들에게 궁원을 안내하고 설명한 일을 기록한 "호가유금원기"는 한국의 조경문화사에 있어 매우 귀한 사료이다. 이러한 일은 중국은 물론 조선시대에도 전무후무한 일이다. 2. 특히 이 일을 기록한 사람이 당대에는 시 서 화 삼절로 이름이 높았고 후대에는 '예원(藝苑)의 총수(總帥)'로 평가받는 표암 강세황이라는 점은 이 사료의 가치를 더한다. 3. 이 유람 행사의 성격은 정조의 집권 초반기에 친정체제를 구축하기 위한 규장각의 완비, 왕의 위엄을 나타내는 어진 도사 등에 기여한 근신들의 노고를 치하하는 자리였다. 정조는 자신의 정치 이념을 실현하는데 공이 큰 근신들의 노고에 대한 은전을 베풀기 위해 궁중 내에 금단의 공간인 금원을 활용하였다. 4. 창덕궁 후원에 대한 유람 동선의 하나를 확인할 수 있었다. 후원을 유람하는 동선이 고정적이지는 않았으나 이것은 이날의 가을 정취를 즐기기 위해 정조가 의도적으로 선택한 최선의 유람 동선이었을 것이다. 5. 이 행사의 특징은 격식이 없고 다소 즉흥적인 '유람'이었다. 즉 정조 치세 중반 이후에 신하들에게 베푼 '상화어조연(賞花漁釣宴)'은 꽃구경과 낚시, 시 짓기 등 행사의 개최시기와 형식, 참가자격 등의 틀을 갖춘 궁중 '연회'였음에 비해 이날의 행사는 비교적 사적이고 자유로운 '놀이(遊)'였다고 판단된다. 본 연구는 관련 사료들의 고찰을 통해 "호가유금원기"를 쓴 전후 맥락을 비롯해 이에 담긴 내용과 의미를 고찰하였다는 의미가 있다. "호가유금원기"는 귀중한 문화콘텐츠로서 추후 궁원 관람에 있어 스토리텔링 자원으로서 활용 가능할 것이며 이에 대한 후속 연구가 필요할 것이다.

건설분쟁 중재제도의 차별화 및 개선방안에 관한 연구 (A Study on Differentiation and Improvement in Arbitration Systems in Construction Disputes)

  • 이선재
    • 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.239-282
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    • 2019
  • The importance of ADR(Alternative Dispute Resolution), which has the advantage of expertise, speed and neutrality due to the increase of arbitration cases due to domestic and foreign construction disputes, has emerged. Therefore, in order for the nation's arbitration system and the arbitration Organization to jump into the ranks of advanced international mediators, it is necessary to research the characteristics and advantages of these arbitration Organization through a study of prior domestic and foreign research and operation of international arbitration Organization. As a problem, First, education for the efficient promotion of arbitrators (compulsory education, maintenance education, specialized education, seminars, etc.). second, The effectiveness of arbitration in resolving construction disputes (hearing methods, composition of the tribunal, and speed). third, The issue of flexibility and diversity of arbitration solutions (the real problem of methodologies such as mediation and arbitration) needs to be drawn on the Arbitration laws and practical problems, such as laws, rules and guidelines. Therefore, Identify the problems presented in the preceding literature and diagnosis of the defects and problems of the KCAB by drawing features and benefits from the arbitration system operated by the international arbitration Institution. As an improvement, the results of an empirical analysis are derived for "arbitrator" simultaneously through a recognition survey. As a method of improvement, First, as an optimal combination of arbitration hearing and judgment in the settlement of construction disputes,(to improve speed). (1) A plan to improve the composition of the audit department according to the complexity, specificity, and magnification of the arbitration cases - (1)Methods to cope with the increased role of the non-lawyer(Specialist, technical expert). (2)Securing technical mediators for each specialized expert according to the large and special corporation arbitration cases. (2) Improving the method of writing by area of the arbitration guidelines, second, Introduction of the intensive hearing system for psychological efficiency and the institutional improvement plan (1) Problems of optimizing the arbitration decision hearing procedure and resolution of arbitration, and (2) Problems of the management of technical arbitrators of arbitration tribunals. (1)A plan to expand hearing work of technical arbitrator(Review on the introduction of the Assistant System as a member of the arbitration tribunals). (2)Improved use of alternative appraisers by tribunals(cost analysis and utilization of the specialized institution for calculating construction costs), Direct management of technical arbitrators : A Study on the Improvement of the Assessment Reliability of the Appraisal and the Appraisal Period. third, Improvement of expert committee system and new method, (1) Creating a non-executive technical committee : Special technology affairs, etc.(Major, supports pre-qualification of special events and coordinating work between parties). (2) Expanding the standing committee.(Added expert technicians : important, special, large affairs / pre-consultations, pre-coordination and mediation-arbitration). This has been shown to be an improvement. In addition, institutional differentiation to enhance the flexibility and diversity of arbitration. In addition, as an institutional differentiation to enhance the flexibility and diversity of arbitration, First, The options for "Med-Arb", "Arb-Med" and "Arb-Med-Arb" are selected. second, By revising the Agreement Act [Article 28, 2 (Agreement on Dispute Resolution)], which is to be amended by the National Parties, the revision of the arbitration settlement clause under the Act, to expand the method to resolve arbitration. third, 2017.6.28. Measures to strengthen the status role and activities of expert technical arbitrators under enforcement, such as the Act on Promotion of Interestments Industry and the Information of Enforcement Decree. Fourth, a measure to increase the role of expert technical Arbitrators by enacting laws on the promotion of the arbitration industry is needed. Especially, the establishment of the Act on Promotion of Intermediation Industry should be established as an international arbitration agency for the arbitration system. Therefore, it proposes a study of improvement and differentiation measures in the details and a policy, legal and institutional improvement and legislation.