• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.3681-3689
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• 2013

This study explored a direct SET-photochemical strategy to construct a new family of thioene conjugated-naphthalamide fluorophore based lariat-crown ethers which show strong binding properties towards heavy metal ions. Irradiations of designed nitrogen branched (trimethylsilyl)methylthio-terminated polyethylenoxy-tethered naphthalimides in acidic methanol solutions have led to highly efficient photocyclization reactions to generate naphthalamide based lariat type thiadiazacrown ethers directly in chemo- and regio-selective manners which undergo very facile secondary dehydration reactions during separation processes to produce their corresponding amidoenethio ether cyclic products tethered with electron donating diethyleneoxy- and diethyenethio-side arm chains. Fluorescence and metal cation binding properties of the lariat type enamidothio products were examined. The photocyclized amidoenethio products, thioene conjugated naphthalamide fluorophore containing lariat-thiadiazacrowns exhibited strong fluorescence emissions in region of 330-450 nm along with intramolecular exciplex emissions in region of 450-560 nm with their maxima at 508 nm. Divalent cation $Hg^{2+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ showed strong binding to sulfur atom(s) in side arm chain and atoms in enethiadiazacrown ether rings which led to significant enhancement of fluorescence from its chromophore singlet excited state and concomitant quenching of exciplex emission. The dual fluorescence emission responses towards divalent cations might provide a new guide for design and development of fluorescence sensors for detecting those metals.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.153-164
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• 2016

Purpose - In general, large companies have larger organizations, funds, and systems to provide more effective and efficient services in the market. However, development needs to support the livelihood of ordinary citizens who work for small businesses as well. This research suggests that a new distribution channel, called a "foothold style Kosa mart," that cooperates jointly with a distribution center and a large discount mart can provide direct solutions to small and mid-size distributors. This new distribution channel can achieve a limited type of "Nadle shop (small supermarket) foster project" related to building a joint distribution center and improvement in wholesale supply. Research design, data, and methodology - Data about the Korea distribution situation, the Nadle stores, and the logistics centers were collected from literature, Statistics Korea, journals, and reports. Specifically, we investigated information about Kosa Mart and Nadle stores. We focused on the redesign of the distribution center for the Nadle store. Results - The Kosa Mart distribution center now includes 18 warehouses, and has been handling 2000-3000 items. Most of the warehouses have been simply designed and items loaded and stored without refrigeration; thus, it is possible to store only products of certain manufactured goods. The current logistics center has no wholesale function because it failed to resolve the joint purchasing and product supply issues of competitively priced products. Conclusions - This study aimed to identify ways to strengthen the competitiveness of small- and medium-sized retailers. A Kosa Mart redesign aims to unifying the logistics center, stores, and customers. First, the joint wholesale logistics system, equipped with an integrated ordering system, needs to process customer orders and store orders at the same time. Second, excellent small business product development has to connect with production. Third, the store composition needs to support a shipping hub. Fourth, the Mart differentiates itself from convenience store goods by supplying regional and specialized products to customers. Fifth, a service buying agent and direct transactions between producers and consumers need to be established, and exhibits and displays of goods need to be improved.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.101-128
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• 1992

How to distribute fisheries catches from producer to consumer is very important for everybody joined fisheries marketing channels (FMC), because most people are influenced their revenue and expenditure through marketing channels. Many institutions in Korea after 1960's have tried to develop the rationalization of FMC, but they have not gotten the satisfactory results in general in spite of a lot fruits. Comparing with general manufacturing industry, the fisheries industry has some specializations in the marketing channels. It makes them unique structure included wholesale market system similiar to fresh (perishable) food market with expertised technology. Wholesale market collects, distributes the fisheries catches and evaluates in by auction or bidding without consideration of producer's opinion. It is very necessary institution to make a decision to equatible price for fresh food and to play an important role for marketing effectiveness with minimum total transation and with massed reserve among institutions. But it has two weak points to increase the marketing cost and to make products bad fresh (perishable). Therefore, both Producer and consumer want to find the direct channels not to pass through wholesale market and to get more profit. I wanted to explain what problems of traditional FMC are and why the direct channel is necessary as follows in this paper. Chapter II : The types and specialization of FMC Chapter III : The structure and problem of fisheries wholesale market channel Chapter IV Marketing cost of FMC and direct channel I suggested when the direct channel in FMC is designed, new planner must carry out marketing functions which are performanced by wholesaler, middle man and the joined members of auction at wholesale market. In view of consumption area, these functions are : (1) the finding of production partner to make a business ; (2) communication of information ; (3) collecting ; (4) distribution ; (5) selecting and grading ; (6) evaluating ; (7) financing and payment ; (8) organization, in view of consumption area. The government must support also the group or individual of new direct channels to succeed it with (1) furnishing of market information (2) supplying of land and facility (3) financing (4) feed-back of dierct channels totally (5) making an opportunity of communication between producer and consumer. I want to emphasize again wholesale market is necessary and important institution for equatible price of fresh food in spite of the its weak points. At the same time. the direct channels are necessary to reduce the marketing cost and to keep better fresh food.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.102-116
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• 2020

After its introduction in Korea, nail art is becoming active, especially among women in their 20s and 30s who are interested in fashion and beauty. Although self-nail tips are available online in various designs for each brand that is currently on the market, these designs and sizes of self-nail tips on the market are different for each age group. Since the design or size is not suggested for the different situations, there are difficulties in purchasing products that match the shape and size of nails of consumers. In this study, frequency analysis was performed using 'SPSS statistics 21.0 for windows program' to analyze data obtained by direct measurement method and 3D scanner measurement method for Korean women in their 20s. For comparative analysis between direct and 3D scanner measurements, a corresponding sample, 'T-test', was performed. As a result, we proposed the standardization of nail tip size after comparative analysis between direct measurement and 3D scanner measurement. Previous studies have been proceeding with direct measurement method. However, this study introduced a 3D scanner measurement method in the nail field and attempted the standardization of nail size by age group of Korean women. Importantly, this sutdy suggests standardization of nail tip size among missing body sizes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2024

Betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) is used as a building and handicraft material in Indonesia; however, bamboo needs to be dried to increase its stability. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of drying bamboo using solar energy and different drying oven designs. The betung bamboo pieces were dried using a direct solar dryer (direct drying) and an indirect solar dryer (indirect drying) and then the decrease in levels that occurred based on the relative humidity (RH) and temperature values achieved in the two dryers were compared. The highest average temperature in the direct indirect drying oven compartment was 60.1 ± 13.1℃ with 19.9 ± 16.4% RH and 60.2 ± 11.9℃ with 19.5 ± 15.5% RH, respectively. The drying defect in indirect drying was lower than that in direct drying, and indirect drying had a 61.7% greater average water loss than direct drying with significant difference (95%, analysis of variance) based on water loss/compartment volume parameters. Thus, the solar drying oven can be used to air-dry bamboo (14%) for 7 d from an initial moisture content of 70%-80% in bamboo strips. The results of this research can be used for small-scale bamboo processing industries that have limited use of electrical energy with quite good results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.729-735
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• 2000

Moisture loss of fresh fruits and vegetables is a main cause of deterioration. It resulted not only in the direct quantitative loss, but also in change in appearance, texture and nutrition. To reduce the loss of moisture content during the distribution in the market, fresh products are packaged using plastic films. But, most of the fresh products are packaged manually in Korea. In order to minimize the labor requirement, the packaging machine for fruits and vegetables was developed and tested. Prototype was composed of film feeding unit, bag former, products feeding conveyor, film feeding roller, center sealer, end sealer and discharge conveyor. Green peppers, carrots and perilla leaves were tested with prototype. Prototype could pack 1780, 1390, 1780 bags per hour at the feeding speed of 0.08m/s respectively and 2250, 1810, 2640bags per hour at the feeding speed of 0.10m/s respectively. And packaging speed of green peppers and carrots was improved by 3.7 and 3.4 times compared with manual packaging. The packaging condition with the prototype was good and the products had almost no damages.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.18-25
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• 2014

Traditional investigation procedures of soil and groundwater contamination are followed by soil gas sampling, soil sampling, groundwater sampling, establishment of monitoring wells, and groundwater monitoring. It often takes several weeks to obtain the analysis reports, and sometimes, it needs supplemental sampling and analysis to delineate the polluted area. Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) system is designed for the detection of free-phase petroleum pollutants, and it is suitable for on-site real-time site investigation when coupling with a direct push testing tool. Petroleum products always contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds possessing fluorescence characteristics that make them detectable through LIF detection. In this study, LIF spectroscopy of 5 major fuel products was conducted to establish the databank of LIF fluorescence characteristic spectra, including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, marine fuel and low-sulfur fuel. Multivariate statistical tools were also applied to distinguish LIF fluorescence characteristic spectra among the mixtures of selected fuel products. This study successfully demonstrated the feasibility of identifying fuel species based on LIF characteristic fluorescence spectra, also LIF seemed to be uncovered its powerful ability of tracing underground petroleum leakages.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2013

Vacuum heat treatment(indirect heating method) has long exposure time at high temperature and low quenching rate. Contrarily salt bath heat treatment (direct heating method) has short exposure time at high temperature and fast cooling rate. With these different features of processes, mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength and impact strength of products show very different results. In this study, Salt bath heat treated products showed higher tensile strength and impact strength than vacuum heat treated products but hardness was not much different. These lower mechanical properties of vacuum heat treated products are due to differences in heat process and secondary hardening with high temperature tempering process. Consequently, It indicates that salt bath heat treatment is better way than vacuum heat treatment for product to have high mechanical properties.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.185-199
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• 2014

As the national transportation infrastructure ages and deteriorates, many existing bridges require frequent and costly maintenance and repairs. The objective of this work was to synthesize new and existing types of beam end coatings and treatments that have been proven to extend the life of new and existing concrete and steel bridge beams. A comprehensive literature review, along with online surveys and phone interviews of State department of transportations (DOTs) and coating manufacturers was conducted to gather information about existing and recently developed technologies. The study revealed that while many promising coatings and treatments are offered on the market, there is a lack of readily available laboratory results that would enable direct comparison of the available methods. This finding applies in terms of the coatings' durability and the potential for extending the service life of existing bridges. Most of the interviewed State DOTs' personnel assessed the products listed in respective DOT's Qualified Products Lists as performing 'well'. However, there was significant variability between states in the type of the products used. Among the agencies contacted, none was able to suggest the most promising or advanced products, either for concrete or steel bridge beam end treatments. This suggests that comprehensive laboratory evaluation would be necessary for selecting the best available beam end treatments and coatings.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.160-177
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• 2020

In Indonesia, concern about environmental protection is increasing. Thus, companies not only adjust their products but also create promotion strategies with environmentally friendly messages, called green marketing. This study identifies the effect of green marketing on purchase intentions. A quantitative method with an explanatory design was conducted. Data was gathered online. In this study, the population was @InnisfreeIndonesia Instagram followers. Thus, a direct message with the survey invitation was sent to randomly selected Instagram followers. Additional followers were invited daily for about a month until 100 responses were collected. The majority of respondents were Indonesian females, age 21-25. The results show that green products partially influence purchase intentions. Once consumers consider environmental friendly issues before buying a skin care product, they may identify whether the product is toxic-free, environmentally friendly, and holds a certification that identifies it as such. Thus, potential consumers tend to seek information to set expectations about the product they want to buy, prioritize them over other products, and to refer the product to others.